{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:14:24Z","timestamp":1766420064984,"version":"3.48.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains endemic in Oman, with incidence exceeding 5 per 10\u2075 population since 2016 and a rising proportion of cases among expatriates (&gt;40% of the population). This study investigated the spatiotemporal diversity and structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Oman between 2008\u20132022. A total of 735 MTB isolates from nationals and expatriates across provinces were genotyped by spoligotyping and 17-locus MIRU-VNTR; 96 underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity, h) and differentiation (FST) were estimated, and phylogenetic analyses performed. Four major lineages and seven sub-lineages were identified, with similar distributions between nationals and expatriates but temporal variation in spoligotype clades. MIRU-VNTR showed high allelic diversity, with most dominant alleles (76.5%) stable over time, though 32.5% fluctuated. FST values (&lt;0.05) indicated minimal temporal or local differentiation, except for slightly higher values between Dhofar and other regions. WGS revealed close genetic relatedness between Omani and expatriate isolates and strains from expatriates\u2019 countries of origin, suggesting recent cross-border transmission. MTB in Oman exhibits high genetic diversity with a stable spatiotemporal structure. Shared lineages between nationals and expatriates underscore the role of migration, supporting the need for integrated genomic surveillance.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7400763\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T04:12:41Z","timestamp":1759119161000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal dynamics of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Oman"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Reham Ahmed","family":"Hashim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Abeer Al","family":"Zubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Fatma Al","family":"Ghafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Al-Jardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, MOH"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Al-Azri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories, MOH"}]},{"given":"Fatma Al","family":"Yagoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Balkhair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Arwa Al","family":"Kindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Laila Al","family":"Balushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH"}]},{"given":"Samiya Al","family":"Zadjali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH"}]},{"given":"Salama","family":"Al-Hamidhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]},{"given":"Amal A.H.","family":"Gadalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi University"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University Medical Center"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO"}]},{"given":"Albano","family":"Beja-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade do Porto"}]},{"given":"Hamza A","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}]}],"member":"297","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-7400763\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-7400763\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:11:45Z","timestamp":1766419905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-7400763\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7400763\/v1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32355-6","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}