{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:01:53Z","timestamp":1774285313700,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  Background\nThe psyllid genus\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla<\/italic>\n                  includes several species that act as vectors for phytoplasma-associated diseases affecting plantations across Europe. Among them,\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla melanoneura<\/italic>\n                  and\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla picta<\/italic>\n                  are the primary vectors of \u2018\n                  <italic>Candidatus<\/italic>\n                  Phytoplasma mali\u2019, the phloem-restricted bacterium responsible for Apple Proliferation disease in Europe. To explore whether vector competence in these species reflects shared ancestry or independent evolution, we assembled mitochondrial and draft nuclear genomes of Italian populations of\n                  <italic>C. melanoneura<\/italic>\n                  and\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  and reconstructed time-calibrated phylogenies using 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes from 12\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla<\/italic>\n                  species.\nResults\nPhylogenetic analyses revealed two major\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla<\/italic>\n                  clades (Clade I and II) whose divergence times range from the Early Miocene (18.4 MYA; 95% HPD: 10.8\u201327.5) to the Middle Miocene (12.7 MYA; 95% HPD: 9.7\u201316.0). Both\n                  <italic>C. melanoneura<\/italic>\n                  and\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  are within Clade I, which is predominantly composed of univoltine species that overwinter on conifers. Within this clade,\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla melanoneura<\/italic>\n                  is more closely related to the plum psyllid\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla pruni<\/italic>\n                  than to the apple-associated\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  and\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla mali<\/italic>\n                  , the latter belonging to Clade II. Draft nuclear genomes revealed significant differences in size (438 Mb in\n                  <italic>C. melanoneura vs.<\/italic>\n                  631 Mb in\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  ), largely attributed to repetitive elements. Comparative analyses of repetitive elements across\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla<\/italic>\n                  species revealed a recent expansion of transposable elements, particularly LINE elements, which were slightly more abundant in Clade I and contributed to the larger genome size observed in\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  .\nConclusions\nCollectively, our findings provide the first genomic resources for\n                  <italic>C. melanoneura<\/italic>\n                  ,\n                  <italic>C. picta<\/italic>\n                  , and several other phytoplasma-vectoring\n                  <italic>Cacopsylla<\/italic>\n                  species. We established a robust mitogenomic phylogeny with divergence estimated for this genus showing the presence of two clades with the representatives predominantly associated with different overwintering strategies. Our results further indicate that vectorial capacity in Cacopsylla reflects an independent evolutionary trajectory rather than a shared ancestral origin. This evolutionary framework advances our understanding of the biology and origin of vector competence in this agriculturally important group.\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7518317\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:52:51Z","timestamp":1757321571000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolutionary genomics and divergence of Cacopsylla species with a special focus on the Apple Proliferation Vectors: Cacopsylla melanoneura and C. picta"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Lapo","family":"Ragionieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Liliya \u0160tarhov\u00e1","family":"Serbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Corretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Howie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BOKU University"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de An\u00e1lisis Gen\u00f3mico (CNAG)"}]},{"given":"Tyler S.","family":"Alioto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de An\u00e1lisis Gen\u00f3mico (CNAG)"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Zadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Anfora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BOKU University"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Ometto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Rota-Stabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5852\/ejt.2021.736.1257","article-title":"An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence","volume":"736","author":"Burckhardt D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burckhardt D, Ouvrard D, Percy DM. An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence. Eur J Taxon. 2021;736:137\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5852\/ejt.2021.736.1257.","journal-title":"Eur J Taxon"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07057-0","article-title":"Transcriptome response comparison between vector and non-vector aphids after feeding on virus-infected wheat plants","volume":"21","author":"Li D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Zhang C, Tong Z, Su D, Zhang G, Zhang S, et al. Transcriptome response comparison between vector and non-vector aphids after feeding on virus-infected wheat plants. BMC Genomics. 2020;21:638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-020-07057-0.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors","author":"Jarausch B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarausch B, Jarausch W. 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Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri and Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:1217\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.02823-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Janik K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janik K, Barthel D, Oppedisano T, Anfora G. Apple Proliferation: A Joint Review. 2020."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1094\/9780890545010.014","volume-title":"Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits","author":"Seem\u00fcller E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seem\u00fcller E, Carraro L, Jarausch W, Schneider B. CHAPTER 14: Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma. In: Hadidi A, Barba M, Candresse T, Jelkmann W, editors. Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. 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Cacopsylla picta as most important vector for Candidatus Phytoplasma mali in Germany and neighbouring regions. Bull Insectology. 2007;60:189\u201390.","journal-title":"Bull Insectology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-019-01130-8","author":"Oppedisano T","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oppedisano T, Panassiti B, Pedrazzoli F, Mittelberger C, Bianchedi PL, Angeli G et al. Importance of psyllids\u2019 life stage in the epidemiology of apple proliferation phytoplasma. J Pest Sci (2004). 2020;93:49\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10340-019-01130-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1603\/ec11237","article-title":"Population dynamics of Cacopsylla melanoneura (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in northeast Italy and its role in the apple proliferation epidemiology in apple orchards","volume":"105","author":"Tedeschi R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tedeschi R, Baldessari M, Mazzoni V, Trona F, Angeli G. 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