{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T20:41:18Z","timestamp":1770324078910,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>This paper focuses on how microbial diversity, soil organic matter, and soil structure influence the activities of soilborne pathogens and plant disease epidemiology. Microbial diversity, organic matter, and structure are soil components that can reshape plant-pathogen-soil interactions (the plant disease triangle) by altering nutrient dynamics and the composition of the soil microbiome. When beneficial microorganisms are favored, soil suppressiveness is enhanced by reducing plant pathogen survival, limiting infection success, and restricting inoculum buildup, thereby decreasing disease incidence and severity. However, microbial diversity, soil organic matter, and soil structure may also promote pathogen growth or facilitate cooperative microbial interactions that improve pathogen persistence, thereby elevating disease risk. Future progress requires a shift from descriptive surveys toward functional and predictive approaches, as these soil components are epidemiological factors that can either suppress or intensify the development of plant diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. This paper highlights the importance of soil management in regulating microbial community dynamics and supporting plant disease control.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8731607\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:37:36Z","timestamp":1770280656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soil as a battlefield and a reservoir: linking soil components to the epidemiology of soilborne plant diseases"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of \u00c9vora"}]},{"given":"Florabelle","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"De La Salle University"}]},{"given":"Leny","family":"Galvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture"}]},{"given":"Mark Angelo","family":"Balendres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"De La Salle University"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1596","article-title":"The disease triangle: pathogens, the environment and society","volume":"5","author":"Scholthof K-BG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scholthof K-BG (2007) The disease triangle: pathogens, the environment and society. Nat Rev Microbiol 5(2):152\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1596","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-121423-042021","article-title":"Re-envisioning the plant disease triangle: full integration of the host microbiota and a focal pivot to health outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Leveau JHJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leveau JHJ (2024) Re-envisioning the plant disease triangle: full integration of the host microbiota and a focal pivot to health outcomes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 62(1):31\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-phyto-121423-042021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Phytopathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-03-17-0111-RVW","article-title":"Disease suppressive soils: new insights from the soil microbiome","volume":"107","author":"Schlatter D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlatter D, Kinkel L, Thomashow L, Weller D, Paulitz T (2017) Disease suppressive soils: new insights from the soil microbiome. Phytopathology\u00ae 107(11):1284\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/PHYTO-03-17-0111-RVW","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhisph.2020.100192","article-title":"Disease-suppressive compost enhances natural soil suppressiveness against soilborne plant patho-gens: A critical review","volume":"13","author":"Corato U","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Corato U (2020a) Disease-suppressive compost enhances natural soil suppressiveness against soilborne plant patho-gens: A critical review. Rhizosphere 13:100192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rhisph.2020.100192","journal-title":"Rhizosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-020-00183-7","article-title":"Soil microbiota manipulation and its role in suppressing soilborne plant pathogens in organic farming systems under the light of microbiome-assisted strategies","volume":"7","author":"Corato U","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Corato U (2020b) Soil microbiota manipulation and its role in suppressing soilborne plant pathogens in organic farming systems under the light of microbiome-assisted strategies. Chem Biol Technol Agric 7(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40538-020-00183-7","journal-title":"Chem Biol Technol Agric"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-021-00451-x","article-title":"Disease-suppressive soils\u2014beyond food production: a critical review","volume":"21","author":"Jayaraman S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayaraman S, Naorem AK, Lal R, Dalal RC, Sinha NK, Patra AK, Chaudhari SK (2021) Disease-suppressive soils\u2014beyond food production: a critical review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21(2):1437\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42729-021-00451-x","journal-title":"J Soil Sci Plant Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.105268","article-title":"Soilborne disease suppres-siveness after short and long term application of fermented, composted or fresh organic amendment treatments in arable soils","volume":"195","author":"Sloot M","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der Sloot M, Maerowitz-Mcmahan S, Postma J, Limpens J, De Deyn GB (2024) Soilborne disease suppres-siveness after short and long term application of fermented, composted or fresh organic amendment treatments in arable soils. Appl Soil Ecol 195:105268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.105268","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14080924","article-title":"Plant disease suppressiveness en-hancement via soil health management","volume":"14","author":"Priyadarshini C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Priyadarshini C, Lal R, Yuan P, Liu W, Adhikari A, Bhandari S, Xia Y (2025) Plant disease suppressiveness en-hancement via soil health management. Biology 14(8):924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14080924","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123999","article-title":"Properties of soil pore space regulate pathways of plant residue decomposition and community structure of associated bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Negassa WC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Negassa WC, Guber AK, Kravchenko AN, Marsh TL, Hildebrandt B, Rivers ML (2015) Properties of soil pore space regulate pathways of plant residue decomposition and community structure of associated bacteria. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0123999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123999","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17221\/64\/2023-swr","article-title":"Soil pore structure and its research methods: A review","volume":"19","author":"Wang N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang N, Zhang T (2024) Soil pore structure and its research methods: A review. Soil Water Res 19(1):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/64\/2023-swr","journal-title":"Soil Water Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109326109","author":"Elsas JD","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Elsas JD, Chiurazzi M, Mallon CA, Elhottov\u0101 D, Kri\u0161t\u016ffek V, Salles JF (2012) Microbial diversity determines the invasion of soil by a bacterial pathogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(4), 1159\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1109326109"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-017-0003-y","article-title":"The impact of failure: unsuc-cessful bacterial invasions steer the soil microbial community away from the invader\u2019s niche","volume":"12","author":"Mallon CA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mallon CA, Le Roux X, van Doorn GS, Dini-Andreote F, Poly F, Salles JF (2018) The impact of failure: unsuc-cessful bacterial invasions steer the soil microbial community away from the invader\u2019s niche. ISME J 12(3):728\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-017-0003-y","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.70137","article-title":"Nutrient availability and invader density regulate the diversity\u2013invasibility relationship mediated by soil microbes","volume":"39","author":"Li H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Deng Y, Zhang S, Greenberg J, Chen D, Song X, Geng X, Zhuge Y, Li C, Ni G, Hou Y (2025) Nutrient availability and invader density regulate the diversity\u2013invasibility relationship mediated by soil microbes. Funct Ecol 39(10):2717\u20132729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2435.70137","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12756","article-title":"Biodiversity as insurance: from concept to measurement and application","volume":"96","author":"Loreau M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loreau M, Barbier M, Filotas E, Gravel D, Isbell F, Miller SJ, Montoya JM, Wang S, Aussenac R, Germain R, Thompson PL, Gonzalez A, Dee LE (2021) Biodiversity as insurance: from concept to measurement and application. Biol Rev 96(5):2333\u20132354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12756","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01790-16","article-title":"Probiotic diversity enhances rhizosphere microbiome function and plant disease suppression","volume":"7","author":"Hu J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu J, Wei Z, Friman V-P, Gu S, Wang X, Eisenhauer N, Yang T, Ma J, Shen Q, Xu Y, Jousset A (2016) Probiotic diversity enhances rhizosphere microbiome function and plant disease suppression. MBio 7(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01790-16","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117444","article-title":"Soil microbial diversity: A key factor in pathogen suppression and inoculant performance","volume":"460","author":"Nishisaka CS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishisaka CS, Quevedo HD, Ventura JP, Andreote FD, Mauchline TH, Mendes R (2025) Soil microbial diversity: A key factor in pathogen suppression and inoculant performance. Geoderma 460:117444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117444","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01540-8","article-title":"Transitivity and intransitivity in soil bacterial networks","volume":"17","author":"Verd\u00fa M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verd\u00fa M, Alc\u00e1ntara JM, Navarro-Cano JA, Goberna M (2023) Transitivity and intransitivity in soil bacterial networks. ISME J 17(12):2135\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-023-01540-8","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01583-3","article-title":"Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Bongers T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bongers T, Ferris H (1999) Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends Ecol Evol 14(6):224\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01583-3","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(01)00152-4","article-title":"A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept","volume":"18","author":"Ferris H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ferris H, Bongers T, de Goede RGM (2001) A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Appl Soil Ecol 18(1):13\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0929-1393(01)00152-4","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-003-0586-5","article-title":"Nematodes as soil indicators: functional and biodiversity aspects","volume":"37","author":"Yeates GW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeates GW (2003) Nematodes as soil indicators: functional and biodiversity aspects. Biol Fertil Soils 37(4):199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00374-003-0586-5","journal-title":"Biol Fertil Soils"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18925","article-title":"Nematodes as suppressors and facilitators of plant performance","volume":"238","author":"Topalovi\u0107 O","year":"2023","unstructured":"Topalovi\u0107 O, Geisen S (2023) Nematodes as suppressors and facilitators of plant performance. New Phytol 238(6):2305\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.18925","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00799-9","article-title":"Rhizosphere protists are key determinants of plant health","volume":"8","author":"Xiong W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong W, Song Y, Yang K, Gu Y, Wei Z, Kowalchuk GA, Xu Y, Jousset A, Shen Q, Geisen S (2020) Rhizosphere protists are key determinants of plant health. Microbiome 8(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00799-9","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100361","article-title":"How protists contribute to plant growth and health: Exploring new interactions with the plant microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Santoyo G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santoyo G, del Orozco-Mosqueda M C., Babalola OO (2025) How protists contribute to plant growth and health: Exploring new interactions with the plant microbiome. Microbe 7:100361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100361","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-98-2-0239","article-title":"The basic reproduction number of plant path-ogens: matrix approaches to complex dynamics","volume":"98","author":"Bosch F","year":"2008","unstructured":"van den Bosch F, McRoberts N, van den Berg F, Madden LV (2008) The basic reproduction number of plant path-ogens: matrix approaches to complex dynamics. Phytopathology\u00ae 98(2):239\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/PHYTO-98-2-0239","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-016-0385-7","article-title":"Cover crops to increase soil microbial diversity and mitigate decline in perennial agriculture. A review","volume":"36","author":"Vukicevich E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vukicevich E, Lowery T, Bowen P, \u00darbez-Torres JR, Hart M (2016) Cover crops to increase soil microbial diversity and mitigate decline in perennial agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 36(3):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-016-0385-7","journal-title":"Agron Sustain Dev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228749","article-title":"Microbial diversity in soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases","author":"Todorovi\u0107 I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Todorovi\u0107 I, Mo\u00ebnne-Loccoz Y, Rai\u010devi\u0107 V, Jovi\u010di\u0107-Petrovi\u0107 J, Muller D (2023) Microbial diversity in soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases. Front Plant Sci 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228749","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"311","article-title":"Suppression of soilborne fungal diseases with organic amendments","author":"Bonanomi G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonanomi G, Antignani V, Pane C, Scala F (2007) Suppression of soilborne fungal diseases with organic amendments. J Plant Pathol, 311\u2013324. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41998409","journal-title":"J Plant Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiab134","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab134","article-title":"Indicative bacterial communities and taxa of disease-suppressing and growth-promoting composts and their associations to the rhizoplane","volume":"97","author":"Mayerhofer J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayerhofer J, Thuerig B, Oberhaensli T, Enderle E, Lutz S, Ahrens CH, Widmer F (2021) Indicative bacterial communities and taxa of disease-suppressing and growth-promoting composts and their associations to the rhizoplane. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 97(10):fiab134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsec\/fiab134","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-022-00332-0","article-title":"Organic matter in the pest and plant disease control: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Silva RM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva RM, Canella LP (2022) Organic matter in the pest and plant disease control: A meta-analysis. Chem Biol Technol Agric 9(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40538-022-00332-0","journal-title":"Chem Biol Technol Agric"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35691-0_8","volume-title":"Bioremediation and biotechnology: sustainable approaches to pollution degradation","author":"Yatoo AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yatoo AM, Rasool S, Ali S, Majid S, Rehman MU, Ali MN, Farooq S (2020) Vermicomposting: An eco-friendly approach for recycling\/management of organic wastes. Bioremediation and biotechnology: sustainable approaches to pollution degradation. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 167\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-35691-0_8"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.032","article-title":"Influence of microbial diversity and plant growth hormones in compost and vermicompost from fermented tannery waste","volume":"217","author":"Ravindran B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravindran B, Wong JW, Selvam A, Sekaran G (2016) Influence of microbial diversity and plant growth hormones in compost and vermicompost from fermented tannery waste. Bioresour Technol 217:200\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.032","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630596","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2021.630596","article-title":"The effects of biostimulants on induced plant defense","volume":"3","author":"Pereira RV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira RV, Filgueiras CC, D\u00f3ria J, Pe\u00f1aflor MFG, Willett DS (2021) The effects of biostimulants on induced plant defense. Front Agron 3:630596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fagro.2021.630596","journal-title":"Front Agron"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01337","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01337-21","article-title":"The proportion of soilborne fungal pathogens increases with elevated organic carbon in agricultural soils","volume":"7","author":"Du S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du S, Trivedi P, Wei Z, Feng J, Hu HW, Bi L, Huang Q, Liu YR (2022) The proportion of soilborne fungal pathogens increases with elevated organic carbon in agricultural soils. Msystems 7(2):e01337\u2013e01321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01337-21","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(86)80158-9","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Monographella nivalis to spring barley","volume":"86","author":"Perry DA","year":"1986","unstructured":"Perry DA (1986) Pathogenicity of Monographella nivalis to spring barley. Trans Br Mycological Soc 86(2):287\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0007-1536(86)80158-9","journal-title":"Trans Br Mycological Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.02.030","article-title":"Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application","volume":"96","author":"Nicholson FA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicholson FA, Groves SJ, Chambers BJ (2005) Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application. Bioresour Technol 96(2):135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.02.030","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.167","article-title":"Plant fibers for renewable growing media: Potential of defibration, acidification or inoculation with biocontrol fungi to reduce the N drawdown and plant pathogens","volume":"203","author":"Vandecasteele B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vandecasteele B, Muylle H, De Windt I, Van Acker J, Ameloot N, Moreaux K, Coucke P, Debode J (2018) Plant fibers for renewable growing media: Potential of defibration, acidification or inoculation with biocontrol fungi to reduce the N drawdown and plant pathogens. J Clean Prod 203:1143\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.167","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01811","article-title":"Wheat straw return influences nitro-gen-cycling and pathogen associated soil microbiota in a wheat\u2013soybean rotation system","volume":"10","author":"Yang H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang H, Ma J, Rong Z, Zeng D, Wang Y, Hu S, Ye W, Zheng X (2019) Wheat straw return influences nitro-gen-cycling and pathogen associated soil microbiota in a wheat\u2013soybean rotation system. Front Microbiol 10:1811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01811","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13177","article-title":"Facilitation promotes invasions in plant-associated microbial communities","volume":"22","author":"Li M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li M, Wei Z, Wang J, Jousset A, Friman VP, Xu Y, Shen Q, Pommier T (2019) Facilitation promotes invasions in plant-associated microbial communities. Ecol Lett 22(1):149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.13177","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw0759","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw0759","article-title":"Initial soil microbiome composition and functioning predetermine future plant health","volume":"5","author":"Wei Z","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei Z, Gu Y, Friman VP, Kowalchuk GA, Xu Y, Shen Q, Jousset A (2019) Initial soil microbiome composition and functioning predetermine future plant health. Sci Adv 5(9):eaaw0759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aaw0759","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.625","article-title":"Hydrophobins: multipurpose proteins","volume":"55","author":"W\u00f6sten HaB","year":"2001","unstructured":"W\u00f6sten HaB (2001) Hydrophobins: multipurpose proteins. Annu Rev Microbiol 55(1):625\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.625","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00886-7","article-title":"Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips","volume":"15","author":"Aleklett K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aleklett K, Ohlsson P, Bengtsson M, Hammer E (2021) Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips. ISME J 15:1782\u20131793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-020-00886-7","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123774","article-title":"Microscale Heterogeneity Explains Ex-perimental Variability and Non-Linearity in Soil Organic Matter Mineralisation","volume":"10","author":"Falconer RE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Falconer RE, Battaia G, Schmidt S, Baveye P, Chenu C, Otten W (2015) Microscale Heterogeneity Explains Ex-perimental Variability and Non-Linearity in Soil Organic Matter Mineralisation. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0123774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123774","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020wr028249","article-title":"Transport Mechanisms of Motile and Nonmotile Phytophthora cac-torum Zoospores in Unsaturated Porous Media","volume":"57","author":"Yu Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Y, Elliott M, Chowdhury I, Flury M (2020) Transport Mechanisms of Motile and Nonmotile Phytophthora cac-torum Zoospores in Unsaturated Porous Media. Water Resour Res 57(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020wr028249","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Phytophthora diseases worldwide","author":"Erwin DC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK (1996) Phytophthora diseases worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, Minnesota, p 562"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1064","article-title":"The spores of Phytophthora: weapons of the plant destroyer","volume":"3","author":"Judelson HS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Judelson HS, Blanco FA (2005) The spores of Phytophthora: weapons of the plant destroyer. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:47\u201358","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03085-09","article-title":"Low pore connectivity increases bacterial diversity in soil","volume":"76","author":"Carson JK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carson JK, Gonzalez-Qui\u00f1Ones V, Murphy DV, Hinz C, Shaw JA, Gleeson DB (2010) Low pore connectivity increases bacterial diversity in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(12):3936\u20133942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.03085-09","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7406","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR015897","article-title":"Microbial dispersal in unsaturated porous media: Characteristics of motile bacterial cell motions in unsaturated angular pore networks","volume":"50","author":"Ebrahimi AN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebrahimi AN, Or D (2014) Microbial dispersal in unsaturated porous media: Characteristics of motile bacterial cell motions in unsaturated angular pore networks. Water Resour Res 50:7406\u20137429. https:\/\/doi:10.1002\/2014WR015897","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218316","article-title":"Pore-scale hydrody-namics influence the spatial evolution of bacterial biofilms in a microfluidic porous network","volume":"14","author":"Aufrecht JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aufrecht JA, Fowlkes JD, Bible AN, Morrell-Falvey J, Doktycz MJ, Retterer ST (2019) Pore-scale hydrody-namics influence the spatial evolution of bacterial biofilms in a microfluidic porous network. PLoS ONE 14(6):e0218316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218316","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01463-8","article-title":"Rhizosphere phage communities drive soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt disease","volume":"11","author":"Yang K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang K, Wang X, Hou R, Lu C, Fan Z, Li J, Wang S, Xu Y, Shen Q, Friman V, Wei Z (2023) Rhizosphere phage communities drive soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt disease. Microbiome 11(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-023-01463-8","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1521422","article-title":"Key mechanisms of plant-Ralstonia solanacearum interaction in bacterial wilt pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Chachar Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chachar Z, Xue X, Fang J, Chen M, Jiarui C, Chen W, Ahmed N, Chachar S, Narejo M, Ahmed N, Fan L, Lai R, Qi Y (2025) Key mechanisms of plant-Ralstonia solanacearum interaction in bacterial wilt pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 16:1521422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1521422","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"56","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21806-6","article-title":"Responses of soil nematode community within soil aggregates to tea plantation age","volume":"29","author":"He S","year":"2022","unstructured":"He S, Jia H, Zheng Z, Li T, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y (2022) Responses of soil nematode community within soil aggregates to tea plantation age. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(56):85114\u201385127","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7202\/706059ar","article-title":"Effects of soil compaction, temperature, and moisture on the development of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea in southwestern Ontario","volume":"75","author":"Tu J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tu J (1994) Effects of soil compaction, temperature, and moisture on the development of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea in southwestern Ontario. Phytoprotection 75(3):125\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/706059ar","journal-title":"Phytoprotection"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1071\/ea02093","article-title":"Root growth altered by compaction of a sandy loam soil affects severity of rhizoctonia root rot of wheat seedlings","volume":"44","author":"Gill JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gill JS, Hunt S, Sivasithamparam K, Smettem KRJ (2004) Root growth altered by compaction of a sandy loam soil affects severity of rhizoctonia root rot of wheat seedlings. Aust J Exp Agric 44(6):595\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/ea02093","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Agric"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-021-00046-8","article-title":"Limited resilience of the soil microbiome to mechanical compaction within four growing seasons of agricultural management","volume":"1","author":"Longepierre M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Longepierre M, Widmer F, Keller T, Weisskopf P, Colombi T, Six J, Hartmann M (2021) Limited resilience of the soil microbiome to mechanical compaction within four growing seasons of agricultural management. ISME Commun 1(1):44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43705-021-00046-8","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz383","article-title":"Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems","volume":"70","author":"Correa J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Correa J, Postma JA, Watt M, Wojciechowski T (2019) Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems. J Exp Bot 70(21):6019\u20136034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erz383","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad488","article-title":"Root architecture and rhizosphere\u2013microbe interactions","volume":"75","author":"Gifford ML","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gifford ML, Xu G, Dupuy LX, Vissenberg K, Rebetzke G (2024) Root architecture and rhizosphere\u2013microbe interactions. J Exp Bot 75(2):503\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erad488","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad421","article-title":"Location: root architecture structures rhizosphere micro-bial associations","volume":"75","author":"Galindo-Casta\u00f1eda T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galindo-Casta\u00f1eda T, Hartmann M, Lynch JP (2024) Location: root architecture structures rhizosphere micro-bial associations. J Exp Bot 75(2):594\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erad421","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.128028","article-title":"Root system architecture plasticity with beneficial rhi-zosphere microbes: Current findings and future perspectives","volume":"292","author":"Zhang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liu Z, Zheng C, Ma H, Zeng M, Yang X (2024) Root system architecture plasticity with beneficial rhi-zosphere microbes: Current findings and future perspectives. Microbiol Res 292:128028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2024.128028","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2025.105708","article-title":"Effects of soil man-agement strategies based on different principles on soil microbial communities and the outcomes for plant health","volume":"201","author":"Zhou X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhang Q, Yan Y, Qu J, Zhou J, Zhao J, Zhang J, Cai Z, Dai C, Huang X (2025) Effects of soil man-agement strategies based on different principles on soil microbial communities and the outcomes for plant health. Biol Control 201:105708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2025.105708","journal-title":"Biol Control"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02992-18","article-title":"Characterizing the key agents in a disease-suppressed soil managed by reductive soil disinfestation","volume":"85","author":"Liu L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu L, Huang X, Zhao J, Zhang J, Cai Z (2019) Characterizing the key agents in a disease-suppressed soil managed by reductive soil disinfestation. Appl Environ Microbiol 85(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02992-18","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4145","article-title":"Plant disease management in organic farming systems","volume":"72","author":"Bruggen AH","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Bruggen AH, Gamliel A, Finckh MR (2016) Plant disease management in organic farming systems. Pest Man-agement Sci 72(1):30\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.4145","journal-title":"Pest Man-agement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10010016","article-title":"Methods for management of soilborne diseases in crop production","volume":"10","author":"Panth M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panth M, Hassler SC, Baysal-Gurel F (2020) Methods for management of soilborne diseases in crop production. Agriculture 10(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture10010016","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00029","author":"Vayssier-Taussat M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Citti C, Cosson J-F, Jacques M-A, Lebrun M-H, Le Loir Y, Ogliastro M, Petit M-A, Roumagnac P, Candresse T (2014) Shifting the paradigm from pathogens to pathobiome: new concepts in the light of meta-omics. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00029"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.07.012","article-title":"The pathobiome in animal and plant diseases","volume":"34","author":"Bass D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bass D, Stentiford GD, Wang H-C, Koskella B, Tyler CR (2019) The pathobiome in animal and plant diseases. Trends Ecol Evol 34(11):996\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2019.07.012","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-025-00691-9","article-title":"Revealing microbial consortia that interfere with grapevine downy mildew through microbiome epidemiology","volume":"20","author":"Fournier P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fournier P, Pellan L, Jaswa A, Cambon MC, Chataigner A, Bonnard O, Raynal M, Debord C, Poeydebat C, Labarthe S, Delmotte F, This P, Vacher C (2025) Revealing microbial consortia that interfere with grapevine downy mildew through microbiome epidemiology. Environ Microbiome 20(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40793-025-00691-9","journal-title":"Environ Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-09-16-0330-RVW","article-title":"Prospects for biological soilborne disease control: application of indigenous versus synthetic microbiomes","volume":"107","author":"Mazzola M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazzola M, Freilich S (2017) Prospects for biological soilborne disease control: application of indigenous versus synthetic microbiomes. Phytopathology\u00ae 107(3):256\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/PHYTO-09-16-0330-RVW","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585404","article-title":"Microbial interactions within multiple-strain biological control agents impact soilborne plant disease","author":"Niu B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niu B, Wang W, Yuan Z, Sederoff RR, Sederoff H, Chiang VL, Borriss R (2020) Microbial interactions within multiple-strain biological control agents impact soilborne plant disease. Front Microbiol 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585404","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01814-z","article-title":"Synthetic community derived from grafted watermelon rhizosphere provides protection for ungrafted watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum via microbial synergistic effects","volume":"12","author":"Qiao Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Wang Z, Sun H, Guo H, Song Y, Zhang H, Ruan Y, Xu Q, Huang Q, Shen Q, Ling N (2024) Synthetic community derived from grafted watermelon rhizosphere provides protection for ungrafted watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum via microbial synergistic effects. Microbiome 12(1):101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-01814-z","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14111625","article-title":"Application of a synthetic microbial community to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici","volume":"14","author":"Bashizi T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bashizi T, Kim M-J, Lim K, Lee G, Tagele S, Shin J-H (2025) Application of a synthetic microbial community to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici. Plants 14(11):1625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14111625","journal-title":"Plants"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-8731607\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-8731607\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:37:44Z","timestamp":1770280664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-8731607\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8731607\/v1","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}