{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1760956037741,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the present study, the social linkages of street-involved youth and correlates of infection with chlamydia and gonorrhea are explored. This is the first study to assess the social linkages of street- involved youth using RDS. Eleven street-involved youth aged 14 to 24 were selected as seeds to recruit their peers into the study using RDS (N=169). Study staff administered a questionnaire, obtained a urine specimen, and provided recruitment coupons to participants. A week later, participants were provided with test results and treatment if necessary. RDS Analysis Tool was used to assess the effectiveness of RDS and define the social linkages. A Fisher\u2019s Exact test was used to identify any correlates of infection. Gender was the only variable that correlated with infection status (22 percent of females vs. 8 percent of males). A high proportion of male participants had never been tested before. Despite the fact that most female participants had been tested before, high infection rates indicate that more accessible and frequent testing is required. Street-involved youth are connected socially to those who share similar health related behaviors. There is a need for increased testing options and opportunities for street-involved youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21307\/joss-2019-035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T22:22:18Z","timestamp":1598912538000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social Structural Analysis of Street-Involved Youth in Winnipeg, Canada"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate , Centre for Global Public Health , University of Manitoba , Manitoba Canada"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Schellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology , University of Manitoba , Manitoba Canada"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Ormond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ormond Consulting, Inc. , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences , University of Manitoba ; Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Manitoba ; and Cadham Provincial Laboratory , Manitoba Health and Healthy Living , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_001","unstructured":"1 Caputo, T., R. Weiler and J. Anderson (1997). The Street Lifestyle Study (Ottawa: Office of Alcohol, Drug and Dependency Issues, Health Canada)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_002","unstructured":"2 Public Health Agency of Canada (2006). Street Youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003 (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_003","unstructured":"3 Beaudoin, C. M. (2004). Results from Phase II of the Enhanced Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Winnipeg Street-Involved Youth Study. Available: http:\/\/www.gov.mb.ca\/health\/documents\/phase2report.pdf [August 2011]."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_004","unstructured":"4 Ibid.5 Higgitt. N., S. Winger and J. Ristock (2003). Voices from the Margins: Experiences of Street-Involved Youth in Winnipeg (Winnipeg: Winnipeg Inner-City Research Alliance)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_006","unstructured":"6 Bodnarchuk, J, D. Patton and T. Rieck (2006). Adolescence Without Shelter: A Comprehensive Description of Issues Faced by Street Youth in Winnipeg (Winnipeg: Addictions Foundation of Manitoba)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7 Heckathorn, D. (1997). \u201cRespondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations,\u201d Social Problems 44, 2: 174-99. Available: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3096941 [August 2011].","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.1997.44.2.03x0221m"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 Johnston, L. G., M. Malekinejad, C. Kendall, I. M. Iuppa and G. W. Rutherford (2008). \u201cImplementation Challenges to Using Respondent-Driven Sampling Methodology for HIV Biological and Behavioral Surveillance: Field Experiences in International Settings,\u201d AIDS and Behavior 12, Supplement 1: 131-141. Available DOI: 10.1007\/s10461-008-9413-1 [August 2011].10.1007\/s10461-008-9413-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9413-1"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9 Malekinejad, M. , L. Johnston, C. Kendall, L. Kerr, M. Rifkin and G. Rutherford (2008). \u201cUsing Respondent- Driven Sampling Methodology for HIV Biological and Behavioral Surveillance in International Settings: A Systematic Review,\u201d AIDS and Behavior 12, Supplement 1: 105-30. Available DOI: 10.1007\/s10461-008-9421-1 [August 2011].10.1007\/s10461-008-9421-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9421-1"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Gwadz, M. V., C. M. 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Designing Clinical Research, 3rd edition (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Wang, J., R. G. Carlson, R. S. Falck, H. A. Siegal, A. Rahman and L. Li (2005). \u201cRespondent-Driven Sampling to Recruit MDMA Users: A Methodological Assessment,\u201d Drug and Alcohol Dependence 78, 2: 147-57.10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.011"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_015","unstructured":"15 Heckathorn (1997)."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_016","unstructured":"16 Johnston et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17 Gile, K. and M. S. Handcock (2010). \u201cRespondent-Driven Sampling: An Assessment of Current Methodology,\u201d Sociological Methodology 40, 1: 285-327. Available DOI: 10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2010.01223.x [August 2011].10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2010.01223.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2010.01223.x"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18 Heckathorn, D. (2002). \u201cRespondent-Driven Sampling II: Deriving Valid Population Estimates from ChainReferral Samples of Hidden Populations.\u201d Social Problems 49, 1: 11-34.10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_019","unstructured":"19 Johnston et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_020","unstructured":"20 Malekinejad et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21 Scott, G. (2008). \u201cThey Got Their Program, and I Got Mine\u201d A Cautionary Tale Concerning the Ethical Implications of Using Respondent-Driven Sampling to Study Injection Drug Users. International Journal on Drug Policy 19, 1: 42-51. Available DOI: 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.014 [August 2011].10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.014"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_022","unstructured":"22 Wang et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23 Taylor-Seehafer, M., R. Johnson, L. Rew, R. T. Fouladi, L. Land and E. Abel (2007). \u201cAttachment and Sexual Health Behaviors in Homeless Youth,\u201d Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 12, 1: 37-48.10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2007.00087.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2007.00087.x"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24 Shields, S. A., T. Wong, J. Mann, A. M. Jolly, D. Haase, S. Mahaffey et al. (2004) \u201cPrevalence and Correlates of Chlamydia Infection in Canadian Street Youth,\u201d Journal of Adolescent Health 34, 5: 384-390. Available DOI: 10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2003.07.017 [August 2011].10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00332-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00332-X"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25 Tyler, K. A., L. B. Whitbeck, X. Chen and K. Johnson (2007). \u201cSexual Health of Homeless Youth: Prevalence and Correlates of Sexually Transmissible Infections,\u201d Sexual Health 4, 1: 57-61.10.1071\/SH06045","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06045"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26 Haley, N., \u00c9. Roy, P. Leclerc, G. Lambert, J. F. Boivin, L. C\u00e9dras et al. (2002). \u201cRisk Behaviors and Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Genital Infections among Montreal Street Youth,\u201d International Journal of STD and AIDS 13, 4: 238-245.10.1258\/0956462021925036","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462021925036"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_027","unstructured":"27 Shields et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_028","unstructured":"28 Haley et al."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29 Van Leeuwen, J. M., C. A. Rietmeijer, T. LeRoux, R. White and J. Petersen (2002). \u201cReaching Homeless Youths for Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Screening in Denver, Colorado,\u201d Sexually Transmitted Infections 78, 5: 357-359. Available DOI: 10.1136\/sti.78.5.357 [August 2011].10.1136\/sti.78.5.357","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.5.357"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30 Bauer, H. M., M. Chartier, E. Kessell, L. Packel, M. Brammeier, M. Little et al. (2004). \u201cChlamydia Screening of Youth and Young Adults in Non-Clinical Settings throughout California,\u201d Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31, 7: 409-414.10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000130456.03464.EA","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000130456.03464.EA"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31 Kidd, S. A. and L. Davidson (2006). \u201cYouth Homelessness: A Call for Partnerships between Research and Policy,\u201d Canadian Journal of Public Health 97, 6: 445-447.10.1007\/BF03405225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405225"},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_032","unstructured":"32 Peters, H. and B. Self (2005). \u201cStreet Outreach with No Streets,\u201d Canadian Nurse 101, 1: 20-24."},{"key":"2025100313200686448_j_joss-2019-035_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33 de Rubeis, E., J. L. Wylie, M. D. Cameron, R. C. Nair and A. M. Jolly (2007). \u201cCombining Social Network Analysis and Cluster Analysis to Identify Sexual Network Types,\u201d International Journal of STD and AIDS 18, 11: 754-759.10.1258\/095646207782212234","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207782212234"}],"container-title":["Journal of Social Structure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/pdf\/10.21307\/joss-2019-035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T13:21:46Z","timestamp":1759497706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/article\/10.21307\/joss-2019-035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.21307\/joss-2019-035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/joss-2019-035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-1227"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1529-1227"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]}}}