{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:11:06Z","timestamp":1777623066295,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background and objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Nutrition information conveyed by popular entities through online social networking sites (i.e., social media influencers) has the potential to impact consumer eating behavior through mechanisms of social influence. Little is known about how online communities of food-related social media influencers are structured, which could reveal influencers\u2019 opportunities to observe and spread nutrition-related content and information design practices. This study explored patterns of social relationships (social capital, conservation of resources, and homophily) within a network of prominent food bloggers on Twitter (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 44).\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Data on Twitter following\/follower relationships and Twitter use (number of tweets, favorited tweets) were collected from bloggers\u2019 Twitter profiles. Bloggers represented eight topical subcategories of food blogs (e.g., family cooking, cocktails) and comprised a one-mode social network with directed ties indicating Twitter following\/follower relationships. Structural evidence of patterns of social relationships was investigated through social network visualization, centrality measures (in-degree\/out-degree centrality, density, reciprocity), and inferential tests.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . The overall network density of directed ties was 21%, with wide variability in individual blogger centrality across multiple measures. Cocktails, cooking, special diets, and culinary travel bloggers had more dense ties to bloggers in their own subcategories. Within the network, favorited tweets and outreach (Twitter following relationships) were positively associated with popularity (Twitter follower relationships).\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . Food bloggers in this study formed a partially connected network, supporting the conservation of resources framework. Homophily was evident in some, but not all, topical subcategories. Associations among Twitter use, outreach, and popularity generally supported the social capital framework. Future studies should explore influencers\u2019 motivations for connecting on social networking sites, and how content and information design practices spread among influencers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21307\/joss-2019-038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T08:24:52Z","timestamp":1589271892000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring Patterns of Social Relationships among Food Bloggers on Twitter Using a Social Network Analysis Approach"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Allison D.","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Social Work , 525 W. Redwood St. , Baltimore, MD , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"Kropczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati , College of Education , Criminal Justice, & Human Services, School of Information Technology , 2610 McMicken Cir , Cincinnati OH United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota State University , College of Arts , Humanities and Social Sciences , Department of Communication , 338 Minard Hall , Fargo, ND , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University , College of the Liberal Arts , Department of Communication Arts & Sciences; College of Health and Human Development , Department of Human Development & Family Studies Pennsylvania United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042819414319073_joss-2019-038_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, N., Liu, H., Tang, L., & Yu, P. 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