{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:11:06Z","timestamp":1778818266199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["tlsr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging investigations have indicated that many plant polysaccharides may be beneficial for treating metabolic diseases. To date, the therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity of polysaccharides extracted from Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) remain unexplored. This study investigated the in vivo acute and subacute oral toxicological profiles of the highest doses of C. nutans bioactive polysaccharides (CNBP) extracted from the leaves using conventional toxicity methods. The total of 39 healthy 8\u201310 weeks male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) were randomly assigned to control (C), acute (A) and subacute (SA) groups receiving 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 mg\/kg\/day of CNBP extract, respectively. The acute group received a single dose of CNBP extract, whereas the subacute group received daily single doses of CNBP extract for 14 days. Oral administration of up to 3,000 mg\/kg CNBP extract caused no abnormal signs of toxicity during 14 days. However, daily administration of 500 mg\/kg or higher doses of CNBP extract for 14 days induced a mild degree of toxicity in the liver, characterised by elevated alkaline phosphatase levels with C (163 \u00b1 9 U\/L) vs. SA500 (222 \u00b1 49 U\/L), SA1000 (223 \u00b1 29 U\/L), SA2000 (238 \u00b1 33 U\/L) and SA3000 (252 \u00b1 18 U\/L). CNBP extracts exhibit therapeutic potential, exemplified by diuretic, natriuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-tachycardia, reno-protective and cholesterol-lowering properties. Precautions should be taken when administering the extracts at higher doses and for longer durations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21315\/tlsr2025.36.1.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T23:13:17Z","timestamp":1743117197000},"page":"245-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity Assessment of The Polysaccharides Extracted from &lt;i&gt;Clinacanthus nutans&lt;\/i&gt; Leaves: A Preclinical Model for Drug Safety Screening"],"prefix":"10.21315","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Tan Yong Chia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Chee-Yuen Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Gurjeet Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2181-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Pike-See Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1768-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Vikneswaran Murugaiyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9185-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Ashfaq Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Bader Alsuwayt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Sulaiman Mohammed Abdullah Alnasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Muhammad Hakimin Shafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Selvamani Narayan Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Mohammed H Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Edward James Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"8963","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"container-title":["Tropical Life Sciences Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/tlsr\/article\/download\/tlsr_36_1_13\/graphical_abstract","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/tlsr\/article\/download\/tlsr_36_1_13\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/tlsr\/article\/download\/tlsr_36_1_13\/graphical_abstract","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T23:13:17Z","timestamp":1743117197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ejournal.usm.my\/tlsr\/article\/view\/tlsr_36_1_13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21315\/tlsr2025.36.1.13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2180-4249","1985-3718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2180-4249","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1985-3718","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}}}