{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1791023237876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft, Nordrhein-Westfalen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>During blast furnace operation, a cyanide\u2010containing muddy waste referred to as blast furnace sludge is generated in large amounts. In Germany it was and is still common practice to pump this sludge into surface deposits. Depending on species, cyanide has very different toxicity. To this day there is no information about the type of cyanide occurring in blast furnace sludge deposits. In order to identify the type of cyanide we investigated by means of wet chemical and powder X\u2010ray diffraction analyses 37 samples of three blast furnace deposits. Wet chemical results indicate that both the extremely toxic free cyanide (HCN and CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) and toxic weak metal\u2013cyanide complexes, for example [Zn(CN)<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>, are not present in the sludge. By powder X\u2010ray diffraction we identified the crystalline cyanide\u2010containing compound potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate, K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>[Fe(CN)<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u00d7 9H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, as the cyanide\u2010bearing compound. Our study is the first that identifies potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate in the environment. As the iron\u2013cyanide complex [Fe(CN)<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>] is not acutely toxic, any direct hazard comes from cyanide occurring in the investigated wastes. Under the predominant pH milieu of the sludge (pH about 8) the solubility of potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate is low, thus minimizing the mobility of cyanide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2001.1927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T02:36:24Z","timestamp":1276482984000},"page":"1927-1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Identification of a Crystalline Cyanide\u2010Containing Compound in Blast Furnace Sludge Deposits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Mansfeldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbeitsgruppe Bodenkunde und Boden\u00f6kologie, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften Ruhr\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bochum D\u201044780 Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Dohrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mineralogie und Lagerst\u00e4ttenkunde Rheinisch\u2010Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen D\u201052056 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198759121703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(70)80103-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1980.9693766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Anions (Group D)","author":"German Standard Methods","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Powder diffraction file","author":"Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00770-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)00881-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Determination of easily\u2010liberatable cyanide in soils and waters by micro\u2010distillation (In German, with English abstract)","volume":"13","author":"Mansfeldt T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Z. Umweltchem. \u00d6kotox."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Beneficiation of blast furnace sludge\u2014A contribution to industrial waste disposal (In German, with English abstract)","volume":"39","author":"Mertins E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Erzmetall"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Water pollution in the steel industry","volume":"211","author":"Owen P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Steel Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900305"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(79)85013-3","article-title":"Proprietes zeolithiques des ferrocyanures mixtes: Isothermes d' adsorption et caracterisation de K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 \u00d7 9H2O (In French, with English abstract)","volume":"31","author":"Renaud A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"The chemistry of cyano complexes of the transition metals","author":"Sharpe A.E.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1996.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Steuer J.1986.Treatment of the top gas washing\u2010waters of blast furnaces\u2014Optimization of the operational water supply by new and cheap process engineering with special consideration of water\u2010 and raw material\u2010recycling and waste disposal. (In German.) Ph.D. diss. Rheinisch\u2010Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Gmelin\u2010Durrer\u2014Metallurgie des Eisens","author":"Tr\u00f6mel G.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1902(76)80419-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Process for removal of cyanide from top gas washing water with the use of polyphosphate (In German, with English abstract)","volume":"84","author":"Von der Dunk G.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Stahl Eisen"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2134%2Fjeq2001.1927","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2134\/jeq2001.1927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T13:52:28Z","timestamp":1760622748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2134\/jeq2001.1927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2134\/jeq2001.1927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2001.1927","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2425","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}