{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:02:15Z","timestamp":1791111735555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"MURST"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photochemistry studies can be helpful in assessing the environmental fate of chemicals. Photochemical reactions lead to the formation of by\u2010products that can exhibit different toxicological properties from the original compound. For this reason the photochemical behavior of the herbicide acifluorfen (5\u2010[2\u2010chloro\u20104\u2010(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]\u20102\u2010nitrobenzoic acid) in the presence of different solvents was studied. Photochemical reactions were carried out using a high\u2010pressure mercury arc and a solar simulator. Kinetic parameters and quantum yields were determined. The identification of photoproducts was performed by mass spectrometry and [<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Nitrofluorfen, hydroxy\u2010nitrofluorfen, 2\u2010chloro\u20104\u2010(trifluoromethyl)phenol, 5\u2010trifluoromethyl\u20105\u2032\u2010nitrodibenzofuran, and other derivatives were identified. The photochemical reactions were also carried out in the presence of either a singlet or a triplet quencher, and in the presence of either a radical initiator or a radical inhibitor. Substances used as inhibitors of the excited levels T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and S<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> showed that photodegradation of acifluorfen begins from a singlet state S<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> through a \u03c0,\u03c0* transition. The role of free radicals in the photodegradation of acifluorfen was determined and a radical mechanism was proposed. Toxicity tests against <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic> Strauss showed that acifluorfen was not toxic at a concentration of 0.1 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>; however, photoproducts formed after 36 h of UV exposure of the herbicide induced a remarkable toxicity to the test organism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2002.2680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]],"date-time":"2014-02-07T09:04:52Z","timestamp":1391763892000},"page":"268-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Photochemistry and Photoinduced Toxicity of Acifluorfen, a Diphenyl\u2010Ether Herbicide"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Scrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale Universit\u00e0 della Basilicata Via N. Sauro 85 I 85100 Potenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabino A.","family":"Bufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale Universit\u00e0 della Basilicata Via N. Sauro 85 I 85100 Potenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"D'Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica Universit\u00e0 della Basilicata Via N. Sauro 85 I 85100 Potenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Meallier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L.A.C.E. Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Behechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSF\u2010National Research Centre for Environment and Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Ingolst\u00e4dter Landstrasse 1 D 85764 Neuherberg\u2010M\u00fcnchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Werner","family":"Shramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSF\u2010National Research Centre for Environment and Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Ingolst\u00e4dter Landstrasse 1 D 85764 Neuherberg\u2010M\u00fcnchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00361-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3368-8_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970102h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2670(86)87038-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500063025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780190104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"XXV\u00e9me Congr\u00e9s du Groupe Fran\u00e7aise des Pesticides","author":"Guittonneau S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)92780-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60215a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00019a038","article-title":"Photodegradation of 3\u2010phenoxybenzoic acid in water and on solid surfaces","volume":"40","author":"Katagi T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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