{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T15:15:08Z","timestamp":1769267708394,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006234","name":"Sandia National Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Soils in Technical Area 16 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are severely contaminated from past explosives testing and research. Our objective was to conduct laboratory and pilot\u2010scale experiments to determine if zerovalent iron (Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>) could effectively transform RDX (hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine) in two LANL soils that differed in physicochemical properties (Soils A and B). Laboratory tests indicated that Soil A was highly alkaline and needed to be acidified [with H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, Al<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, or CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH] before Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> could transform RDX. Pilot\u2010scale experiments were performed by mixing Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> and contaminated soil (70 kg), and acidifying amendments with a high\u2010speed mixer that was a one\u2010sixth replica of a field\u2010scale unit. Soils were kept unsaturated (soil water content = 0.30\u20130.34 kg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and sampled with time (0\u2013120 d). While adding CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH improved the effectiveness of Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> to remove RDX in Soil A (98% destruction), CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH had a negative effect in Soil B. We believe that this difference is a result of high concentrations of organic matter and Ba. Adding CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH to Soil B lowered pH and facilitated Ba release from BaSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> or BaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, which decreased Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> performance by promoting flocculation of humic material on the iron. Despite problems encountered with CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COOH, pilot\u2010scale treatment of Soil B (12100 mg RDX kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) with Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> or Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> + Al<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> showed high RDX destruction (96\u201398%). This indicates that RDX\u2010contaminated soil can be remediated at the field scale with Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> and soil\u2010specific problems (i.e., alkalinity, high organic matter or Ba) can be overcome by adjustments to the Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.1717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1276486590000},"page":"1717-1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pilot\u2010Scale Treatment of RDX\u2010Contaminated Soil with Zerovalent Iron"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"S. D.","family":"Comfort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln 362 Plant Sciences Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln 362 Plant Sciences Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Machacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln 362 Plant Sciences Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Satapanajaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand 10900"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180602","article-title":"Remediating hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine\u2010contaminated water and soil by Fenton oxidation","volume":"18","author":"Bier E.L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. 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