{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:58:30Z","timestamp":1773845910877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Soils contaminated from military operations often contain mixtures of HMX (octahydro\u20101,3,5,7\u2010tetranitro\u20101,3,5,7\u2010tetrazocine), RDX (hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine), and TNT (2,4,6\u2010trinitrotoluene) rather than a single explosive. Differences among explosives in solubility and reactivity make developing a single remediation treatment difficult. When Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> was used to treat a munitions\u2010contaminated soil, we observed high rates of destruction for RDX and TNT (98%) but not HMX. Our objective was to determine if HMX destruction by Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> could be enhanced by increasing HMX solubility by physical (temperature) or chemical (surfactants) means. To determine electron acceptor preference, we treated RDX and HMX with Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> in homogeneous solutions and binary mixtures. Increasing aqueous temperature (20 to 55\u00b0C) increased HMX solubility (2 to 22 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) but did not increase destruction by Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> in a contaminated soil slurry that also contained RDX and TNT. Batch experiments using equal molar concentrations of RDX and HMX demonstrated that RDX was preferentially reduced over HMX by Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> By testing various surfactants, we found that the cationic surfactants (HDTMA [hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide], didecyl, and didodecyl) were most effective in increasing HMX concentration in solution. Didecyl and HDTMA were also found to be highly effective in facilitating the transformation of HMX by Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> Using HDTMA or didecyl solutions (3%, w\/v) containing solid\u2010phase HMX, we observed that 100% of the added HMX was transformed by Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> in the didecyl matrix and 60% in the HDTMA matrix. These results indicate that cationic surfactants can increase HMX solubility and facilitate Fe<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\u2013mediated transformation kinetics but HMX destruction rates will be slowed when RDX is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.1305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T03:38:44Z","timestamp":1276486724000},"page":"1305-1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Remediating Munitions\u2010Contaminated Soil with Zerovalent Iron and Cationic Surfactants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln 256 Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln 256 Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln 256 Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Machacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln 256 Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"The chemistry of explosives","author":"Akhavan J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es010564i"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es011000h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01173a092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180602","article-title":"Remediating hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine\u2010contaminated water and soil by Fenton oxidation","volume":"18","author":"Bier E.L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. 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