{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:30:21Z","timestamp":1790843421990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council"},{"name":"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["HKBU 2082\/01M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKBU 2082\/01M"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bioavailability and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be increased through the addition of surfactants. Previous studies of this nature have been conducted under mesophilic conditions. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants on solubilization and degradation of phenanthrene (PHE) in a series of batch solution experiments under thermophilic conditions. Tween 80, Triton X\u2010100, and biosurfactants produced from <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> strain P\u2010CG3 (P\u2010CG3) and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> ATCC 9027 (P. 9027) were used in this study. Surfactants effectively enhanced the solubility of PHE at 50\u00b0C and the biosurfactant from P\u2010CG3 was most effective with a 28\u2010fold increase in apparent solubility of PHE at a concentration of 10 \u00d7 critical micelle concentration (CMC) compared with the controls. However, addition of synthetic surfactants or biosurfactants inhibited the biodegradation of PHE in mineral salts medium by an isolate <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. B\u2010UM. Degradation of PHE diminished with increasing surfactant concentrations, and PHE degradation was completely inhibited for all the surfactants tested when the concentrations were greater than their respective CMC. The growth test suggested that Tween 80 and biosurfactants were degradable, but preferential utilization of these surfactants as substrates was not the mechanism for explaining the inhibition of PHE biodegradation. Because of the hydrophobic property of B\u2010UM, degradation inhibition of PHE by surfactants was probably due to the reduction of direct contact between bacterial cells and PHE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T02:27:53Z","timestamp":1276482473000},"page":"2015-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Effect of Surfactants on Solubilization and Degradation of Phenanthrene under Thermophilic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jonathan W. C.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR P.R. China"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01002"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoshan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01002"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Biodegradation and bioremediation","author":"Alexander M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.8.3262-3268.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620110903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<482::AID-BIT11>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00038a010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.1908-1912.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00013a014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00055a031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Enhancement of PAH degradation by non\u2010ionic surfactants in composting system","volume":"6","author":"Fang M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"In Site Out Site Bioremediation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Biosurfactants: Production, properties, application","author":"Gerson D.F.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.62.7.2387-2392.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1021\/es950385z","article-title":"Biodegradation kinetics of phenanthrene partitioned into the micellar phase of nonionic surfactants","volume":"31","author":"Guha S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. 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