{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:33:16Z","timestamp":1791099196314,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006234","name":"Sandia National Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ground water beneath the U.S. Department of Energy Pantex Plant is contaminated with the high explosive RDX (hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5 triazine). The USDOE Innovative Treatment and Remediation Demonstration (ITRD) program identified in situ oxidation by permanganate as a technology fit for further investigation. We evaluated the efficacy of KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> to transform and mineralize RDX by determining degradation kinetics and carbon mass balances using <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010RDX. Aqueous RDX solutions (2\u20135 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and RDX\u2010contaminated slurries (50% solids, w\/v) were treated with KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> at 1000, 2000, 4000, and 20000 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> Treating an aqueous RDX solution of 2.8 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> with 20000 mg KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> decreased RDX to 0.1 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> within 11 d while cumulative mineralization proceeded for 14 d until 87% of the labeled carbon was trapped as <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> Similar cumulative mineralization was obtained when Pantex aquifer material was included in the solution matrix. Other experiments using 4000 mg KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> showed that initial RDX concentrations (1.3\u201310.4 mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or initial pH (4\u201311) had little effect on reaction rates. Attempts to identify RDX degradates and reaction products showed that N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O was a product of permanganate oxidation and constituted 20 to 30% of the N balance. Time\u2010course measurements of a <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010RDX solution treated with KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> revealed few <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010labeled degradates but through liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) analysis, we present evidence that 4\u2010nitro\u20102,4\u2010diaza\u2010butanol is formed. Aquifer microcosm studies confirmed that the transformation products not mineralized by KMnO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> were much more biodegradable than parent RDX. These results indicate permanganate can effectively transform and mineralize RDX in the presence of aquifer material and support its use as an in situ chemical oxidation treatment for the Pantex perched aquifer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.2165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T02:48:34Z","timestamp":1276483714000},"page":"2165-2173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Remediating RDX\u2010Contaminated Ground Water with Permanganate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"M. L.","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588\u20100531"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583\u20100915"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588\u20100531"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. D.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Science Laboratory University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583\u20100844"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es020959h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180602","article-title":"Remediating hexahydro\u20101,3,5\u2010trinitro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine\u2010contaminated water and soil by Fenton oxidation","volume":"18","author":"Bier E.L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. 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