{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:32:59Z","timestamp":1790710379196,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"SRNL's Mini-Sabbatical Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The A\u201001 wetland treatment system (WTS) is a surface flow wetland planted with giant bulrush [\n                    <jats:italic>Schoenoplectus californicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (C.A. Mey.) Palla] that is designed to remove Cu and other metals from the A\u201001 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, SC. Copper, Zn, and Pb concentrations in water were usually reduced 60 to 80% by passage through the treatment system. The Cu concentrations in the wetland sediments increased from about 4 to 205 and 796 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively, in the organic and floc sediment layers in cell 4A over a 5\u2010yr period. Metal concentrations were higher in the two top layers of sediment (i.e., the floc and organic layers) than in the deeper inorganic layers. Sequential extraction was used to evaluate remobilization and retention of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe in the wetland sediment. Metal remobilization was determined by the potentially mobile fraction (PMF) and metal retention by the recalcitrant factor (RF). The PMF values were high in the floc layer but comparatively low in the organic and inorganic layers. High RF values for Cu, Zn, and Pb in the organic and inorganic layers indicated that these metals were strongly bound in the sediment. The RF values for Mn were lower than for the other elements especially in the floc layer, indicating low retention or binding capacity. Retention of contaminants was also evaluated by distribution coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values. Distribution coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values were lower for Cu and Zn than for Pb, indicating a smaller exchangeable fraction for Pb.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T20:20:14Z","timestamp":1158265214000},"page":"1948-1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Metal Distribution and Stability in Constructed Wetland Sediment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Anna Sophia","family":"Knox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Paller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winona L.","family":"Specht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy V.","family":"Halverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Gladden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah River National Lab. Savannah River Site, 773\u201042A Aiken SC 20808"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90063-1","article-title":"Multiple\u2010site adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. :\u2010221","volume":"78","author":"Benjamin M.M.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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Ph.D. diss. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Constructed wetlands for removal of heavy metals from NPDES outfall effluent","author":"Nelson E.A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"Heavy metals in the environment: Using wetlands for their removal","author":"Odum H.T.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)00205-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental considerations for the use of the column method for determining retardation factors. :\u2010166","volume":"3","author":"Relyea J.F.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radioactive Waste Manage. 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