{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:44:33Z","timestamp":1786801473367,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Life Sciences Institute North America Technical Committee on Food Microbiology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transport of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> through macroporous soils is poorly understood yet critical for assessing the risk of groundwater contamination. We developed a conceptual model of the physics of flow and transport in packed, tilted, and vegetated soilboxes during and immediately after a simulated rainfall event and applied it to 54 experiments implemented with different soils, slopes, and rainfall rates. Using a parsimonious inverse modeling procedure, we show that a significant amount of subsurface outflow from the soilboxes is due to macropore flow. The effective hydraulic properties of the macropore space were obtained by calibration of a simple two\u2010domain flow and transport model that accounts for coupled flow in the matrix and in the macropores of the soils. Using linear mixed\u2010effects analysis, macropore hydraulic properties and oocyst attenuation were shown to be associated with soil bulk density and rainfall rate. Macropore flow was shown to be responsible for bromide and <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> transport through the soil into the underlying pore space observed during the 4\u2010h experiments. We confirmed this finding by conducting a pair of saturated soil column studies under homogeneously repacked conditions with no macropores in which no <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> transport was observed in the effluent. The linear mixed\u2010effects and logistic regression models developed from the soilbox experiments provide a basis for estimating macropore hydraulic properties and the risk of <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> transport through shallow soils from bulk density, precipitation, and total shallow subsurface flow rate. The risk assessment is consistent with the reported occurrence of oocysts in springs or groundwater from fractured or karstic rocks protected only by shallow overlying soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,4]],"date-time":"2008-01-04T21:06:57Z","timestamp":1199480817000},"page":"245-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Developing Risk Models of <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i> Transport in Soils from Vegetated, Tilted Soilbox Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Harter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Land, Air, and Water Univ. of California\u2014Davis Davis California 95616\u20108628"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Atwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Extension School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of California\u2014Davis Davis California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of California\u2014Davis Tulare California 93274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy M.","family":"Karle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of California\u2014Davis Tulare California 93274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Plant Sciences Univ. of California\u2014Davis Davis California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Albrecht G.transport through clay and sand soil columns. B.S. thesis. Cornell Univ. Ithaca NY.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Field transport of a surrogate in small catchments used for grazing lands","author":"Amirtharajah A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Assessing the link between rangeland cattle and waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum infection in humans","volume":"182","author":"Atwill E.R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rangelands"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2840-2843.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5517-5527.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR018i005p01311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330309385542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es025573l"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es025899u"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1999.00472425002800030011x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143003X140890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2004.2620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822000000200017","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum sp. oocysts in groundwater for human consumption in Itaquaquecetuba City, Sao Paolo\u2010Brazil","volume":"31","author":"De Carvalho G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(02)00046-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods in hydrology","author":"Haan C.T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990132w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Introduction to environmental soil physics","author":"Hillel D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Principles of soil and plant water relations","author":"Kirkham M.B.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.7.2820-2826.1999","article-title":"Method for detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocsysts in feces, manures, and soils","volume":"65","author":"Kuchzynska E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cryptosporidium contamination of water in the USA and UK: A mini review","volume":"44","author":"Lisle J.T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Water Supply Res. Technol. Aqua"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0721","article-title":"Experimental investigations and numerical modelling of Cryptosporidium parvum transport behaviour in aquifers","volume":"43","author":"Marly X.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water\u2010Resources Investigations, Book 6","author":"McDonald M.G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR022i013p01901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bioe.2002.0125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings, Water Quality Technology Conf.","author":"Messner M.J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.4170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1999.634733x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199907000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2000.0117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2000.tb09010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2005.0068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00020a005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.1072-1078.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Soil\u2010water\u2010solute process characterization: An integrated approach","author":"Shirmohammadi A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Occurrence of spp. oocysts in surface, raw and drinking water samples","author":"Svoboda P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00338-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR02286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:4(325)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es048595b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Contract Report SERDP\u201099\u20101","author":"Zheng C.","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2134%2Fjeq2006.0281","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2134\/jeq2006.0281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T14:27:49Z","timestamp":1760624869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2134\/jeq2006.0281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2134\/jeq2006.0281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2006.0281","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2425","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-07-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}