{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:22:25Z","timestamp":1791206545281,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The high N inputs to agricultural systems in many regions in 27 member states of the European Union (EU\u201027) result in N leaching to groundwater and surface water and emissions of ammonia (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O), nitric oxide (NO), and dinitrogen (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to the atmosphere. Measures taken to decreasing these emissions often focus at one specific pollutant, but may have both antagonistic and synergistic effects on other N emissions. The model MITERRA\u2010EUROPE was developed to assess the effects and interactions of policies and measures in agriculture on N losses and P balances at a regional level in EU\u201027. MITERRA\u2010EUROPE is partly based on the existing models CAPRI and GAINS, supplemented with a N leaching module and a module with sets of measures. Calculations for the year 2000 show that denitrification is the largest N loss pathway in European agriculture (on average 44 kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    agricultural land), followed by NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    volatilization (17 kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), N leaching (16 kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and emissions of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O (2 kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and NO\n                    <jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub>\n                    (2 kg N ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). However, losses between regions in the EU\u201027 vary strongly. Some of the measures implemented to abate NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    emission may increase N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions and N leaching. Balanced N fertilization has the potential of creating synergistic effects by simultaneously decreasing N leaching and NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions. MITERRA\u2010EUROPE is the first model that quantitatively assesses the possible synergistic and antagonistic effects of N emission abatement measures in a uniform way in EU\u201027.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:03:31Z","timestamp":1233979411000},"page":"402-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["Integrated Assessment of Nitrogen Losses from Agriculture in EU\u201027 using MITERRA\u2010EUROPE"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"G.L.","family":"Velthof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alterra, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Oudendag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEI Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre P.O. Box 29703 2502 LS The Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.P.","family":"Witzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurocare Bonn and Institute of Agricultural Policy, Market Research and Economic Sociology, Bonn Univ. 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