{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1784271566793,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M24\u2010014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M24\u2010014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In arid\u2010zone agriculture where available irrigation water is saline, desalination is becoming an attractive method for increasing yields and reducing negative environmental consequences. However, irrigation with desalinated water can be problematic if essential nutrients, including Ca, Mg, and S, removed during reverse osmosis, are not reintroduced. We evaluated two strategies for supplying these nutrients \u2014 direct fertilization and blending of desalinated with saline groundwater \u2014experimentally in a greenhouse and in a model for a case study regarding pepper (<jats:italic>Capsicum annuum<\/jats:italic> L.) production. Reducing salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 3.20 to EC 0.40 dS m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> by reverse\u2010osmosis desalination increased maximum yields by almost 50% while allowing a reduction of applied irrigation water to half of that with the saline water, but the associated cost of fertilizing with Ca, Mg, and S minerals was high (around .50 m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>). Blending 30% saline water with 70% desalinated water brought Ca, Mg, and S minerals to satisfactory levels while producing water with salinity of EC = 1.35 dS m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> Comparison of relative pepper yields and analysis of simulated results showed that irrigation with blended water maintained yields greater than 90% compared to irrigation with fully desalinated water, but only as irrigation rates were increased by more than 50%. The environmental cost of the increase in irrigation\u2010water salinity from EC 0.40 to EC 1.35 dS m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in the blended water was shown to be substantial as it involved five times greater loading (into the soil) and leaching (beyond the root zone) of salts and other contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:03:31Z","timestamp":1233979411000},"page":"529-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Fertilization and Blending Alternatives for Irrigation with Desalinated Water"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Alon","family":"Ben\u2010Gal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences Agric. Research Organization Gilat Research Center mobile post Negev 85280 Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Yermiyahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences Agric. Research Organization Gilat Research Center mobile post Negev 85280 Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabtai","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northern Arava Research and Development Hazeva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements","author":"Allen R.G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Water quality for agriculture","author":"Ayers R.S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.17.090179.000525","article-title":"Calcium\u2010related physiological disorders of plants","volume":"17","author":"Bangerth F.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. 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Sonneveld C. Warmenhoven M.G. andStraver N.Guide values for nutrient element contents of vegetables and flowers under glass (Proefstation voor Tuinbouw onder Glas te Naaldwijk).Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij te Aalsmeer Voedingsoplossingen Glastuinbouw No. 15.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Transpiration and crop yield","author":"Wit C.T.","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Global modeling of irrigation water requirements","author":"D\u00f6ll P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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Bot."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Mineral nutrition in plants","author":"Marschner H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"48","volume-title":"FAO Expert Consultation on Water Desalination for Agricultural Applications, Rome (Italy)","author":"Martinez Beltran J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1973.03615995003700040018x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties","author":"Page A.L.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"Assessment of water resources and water availability in the world, comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world","author":"Shiklomanov I.A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Sonneveld C. andStraver N.Nutrient solution for vegetables and flowers grown in water or substrates. contents under glass.Tenth ed.Voedingsoplossingen glastuinboun.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S1537-5110(02)00288-X","article-title":"Screenhouse microclimate and ventilation: An experimental study","volume":"80","author":"Tanny J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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