{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:26:19Z","timestamp":1785230779509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been attributed to agricultural sources due to the high prevalence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts in animal wastes and manure spreading on farmlands. No\u2010till, an effective conservation practice, often results in soil having higher water infiltration and percolation rates than conventional tillage. We treated six undisturbed no\u2010till and six tilled soil blocks (30 by 30 by 30 cm) with 1 L liquid dairy manure containing 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> oocysts per milliliter to test the effect of tillage and rainfall on oocyst transport. The blocks were subjected to rainfall treatments consisting of 5 mm or 30 mm in 30 min. Leachate was collected from the base of the blocks in 35\u2010mL increments using a 64\u2010cell grid lysimeter. Even before any rain was applied, approximately 300 mL of water from the liquid manure (30% of that applied) was transported through the no\u2010till soil, but none through the tilled blocks. After rain was applied, a greater number and percentage of first leachate samples from the no\u2010till soil blocks compared to the tilled blocks tested positive for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> oocysts. In contrast to leachate, greater numbers of oocysts were recovered from the tilled soil, itself, than from the no\u2010till soil. Although tillage was the most important factor affecting oocyst transport, rainfall timing and intensity were also important. To minimize transport of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> in no\u2010till fields, manure should be applied at least 48 h before heavy rainfall is anticipated or methods of disrupting the direct linkage of surface soil to drains, via macropores, need to be used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]],"date-time":"2009-10-29T22:53:05Z","timestamp":1256856785000},"page":"2394-2401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effect of Tillage and Rainfall on Transport of Manure\u2010Applied <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i> Oocysts Through Soil"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Norma E.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program The Ohio State Univ. 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