{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:43:53Z","timestamp":1787780633088,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30571087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30571087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs have greatly contributed to the increasing food production in China during the last decades, but have also increased N and P losses to the environment. The pathways and magnitude of these losses are not well quantified. Here, we report on N and P use efficiencies and losses at a national scale in 2005, using the model NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use). Total amount of \u201cnew\u201d N imported to the food chain was 48.8 Tg in 2005. Only 4.4.Tg reached households as food. Average N use efficiencies in crop production, animal production, and the whole food chain were 26, 11, and 9%, respectively. Most of the imported N was lost to the environment, that is, 23 Tg N to atmosphere, as ammonia (57%), nitrous oxide (2%), dinitrogen (33%), and nitrogen oxides (8%), and 20 Tg to waters. The total P input into the food chain was 7.8 Tg. The average P use efficiencies in crop production, animal production, and the whole food chain were 36, 5, and 7%, respectively. This is the first comprehensive overview of N and P balances, losses, and use efficiencies of the food chain in China. It shows that the N and P costs of food are high (for N 11 kg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, for P 13 kg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Key measures for lowering the N and P costs of food production are (i) increasing crop and animal production, (ii) balanced fertilization, and (iii) improved manure management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T10:27:52Z","timestamp":1279621672000},"page":"1279-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Modeling Nutrient Flows in the Food Chain of China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Univ. of Hebei Baoding 071001 China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Plant\u2013Soil Interactions, MOE College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural Univ. 100193 Beijing China"},{"name":"Dep. of Soil Quality Wageningen Univ. P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Q.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Univ. of Hebei Baoding 071001 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. L.","family":"Velthof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alterra Wageningen Univ. P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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