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The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of grassland\u2010to\u2010cropland conversion on nitrate\u2010nitrogen (NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013N) concentrations in soil and shallow groundwater and to assess the potential for perennial filter strips (PFS) to mitigate increases in NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013N levels. The study, conducted at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR) in central Iowa, consisted of a balanced incomplete block design with 12 watersheds and four watershed\u2010scale treatments having different proportions and topographic positions of PFS planted in native prairie grasses: 100% rowcrop, 10% PFS (toeslope position), 10% PFS (distributed on toe and as contour strips), and 20% PFS (distributed on toe and as contour strips). All treatments were established in fall 2006 on watersheds that were under bromegrass (<jats:italic>Bromus<\/jats:italic> L.) cover for at least 10 yr. Nonperennial areas were maintained under a no\u2010till 2\u2010yr corn (<jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic> L.)\u2013soybean [<jats:italic>Glycine max<\/jats:italic> (L.) Merr.] rotation since spring 2007. Suction lysimeter and shallow groundwater wells located at upslope and toeslope positions were sampled monthly during the growing season to determine NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013N concentration from 2005 to 2008. The results indicated significant increases in NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013N concentration in soil and groundwater following grassland\u2010to\u2010cropland conversion. Nitrate\u2010nitrogen levels in the vadose zone and groundwater under PFS were lower compared with 100% cropland, with the most significant differences occurring at the toeslope position. During the years following conversion, PFS mitigated increases in subsurface nitrate, but long\u2010term monitoring is needed to observe and understand the full response to land\u2010use conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,29]],"date-time":"2010-10-29T11:57:37Z","timestamp":1288353457000},"page":"2006-2015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Perennial Filter Strips Reduce Nitrate Levels in Soil and Shallow Groundwater after Grassland\u2010to\u2010Cropland Conversion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State Univ. 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