{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:33:32Z","timestamp":1790332412416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02WRS1274B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02WRS1274B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007636","name":"Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31812\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31812\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Liquid manure is frequently used as soil fertilizer due to its high nutrient content. It can also contain residues of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics, if farm animals are medicated. The anaerobic fermentation process in biogas plants is discussed as one way to reduce the input of antibiotics into the environment. Therefore, 10 worldwide\u2010applied sulfonamides (sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfapyridine, and sulfathiazole) and four frequently used tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline) were investigated concerning their elimination pattern during anaerobic fermentation. Batch fermenters with autoclaved and non\u2010autoclaved inoculum were utilized to distinguish between biotic and abiotic elimination pathways. Overall, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfamethoxazole showed the highest elimination, which was considerably reduced by autoclaving before inoculation. Structure elucidation via nuclear magnetic resonance and different mass spectrometry techniques revealed only minor structural modifications such as O\u2010demethylation and hydrogenation, which did not result in a considerably reduced antimicrobial activity. These results show that, especially, sulfonamides are more persistent than expected. Future studies should deal with the elucidation of relevant process parameters for an enhanced compound degradation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Core Ideas<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Veterinary antibiotics were incubated in both active and autoclaved inoculum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Substance\u2010related elimination profiles were found for sulfonamides and tetracyclines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Autoclaving of the inoculum reduced the elimination of the sulfonamides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>O\u2010Demethylation and hydrogenation led to various transformation products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Some transformation products showed a reduced antimicrobial activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2016.04.0152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T14:49:32Z","timestamp":1479912572000},"page":"160-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Transformation of Sulfonamides and Tetracyclines during Anaerobic Fermentation of Liquid Manure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Spielmeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Justus Liebig Univ., Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology Heinrich\u2010Buff\u2010Ring 17 D\u201035392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justus Liebig Univ., Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology Heinrich\u2010Buff\u2010Ring 17 D\u201035392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine S.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justus Liebig Univ., Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology Heinrich\u2010Buff\u2010Ring 17 D\u201035392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hesse State Laboratory Schlossstrasse 26 D\u201036251 Bad Hersfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubertus","family":"Brunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hesse State Laboratory Schubertstrasse 60 D\u201035392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Hamscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justus Liebig Univ., Institute for Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology Heinrich\u2010Buff\u2010Ring 17 D\u201035392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2006.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.58.3.925-931.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Situationsbericht 2015\/16: Trends und Fakten zur Landwirtschaft","author":"DBV","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2001","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1039\/b008081k","article-title":"Electrochemical and yeast\u2010catalysed ring\u2010opening of isoxazoles in the synthesis of analogues of the herbicide Grasp\u00ae","volume":"1","author":"Easton C.J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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