{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1790680746919,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008979","name":"Department of Agriculture, Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000040","name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Env Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>There have been limited studies of how pyrolysis temperature and activation processes alter the chemical properties of biochar and how these changes influence ammonium (NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>), nitrate (NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>), and phosphate (PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>) sorption. This study compared the chemical properties of biochars and activated biochars (ActBC with steam and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> activation) produced by slow pyrolysis at 200 (BC200), 400 (BC400), 600 (BC600), 800 (ActBC200, ActBC400, ActBC600), and 850\u00b0C (sulfachar\u2010S enriched biochar with steam activation). Quantitative solid\u2010state <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis were used to study temperature and activation on biochar chemical properties. The sorption capacity of biochars for NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, and PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup> were measured by batch sorption experiments. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data showed that BC200 contained mainly aliphatic C compounds (86% of O\u2010alkyl) belonging to cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas BC400 and BC600 composition was dominated by fused aromatic C structures, containing 81 and 97% aromatic C, respectively. Increasing pyrolysis temperatures decreased biochar total C but increased its cation exchange capacity, pH, and contents of total N and P, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. The BC200 released NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>, whereas sulfachar and ActBC200 sorbed significantly higher amounts NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup> than BC600 by 83 and 96%, respectively, across aqueous solutions. Sulfachar and BC400 sorbed significantly greater amounts NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> than did the other biochars. This study shows that production temperature significantly affects biochar chemical properties and that activation increases NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup> sorption. These results suggest that activated biochar could be useful for sorbing soil N and P, thereby reducing leaching losses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Core Ideas<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Pyrolysis temperature and activation alters the chemical properties of biochar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Pyrolysis temperatures &gt;400\u00b0C increase the formation of aromatic C structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Activation increases the sorption capacity of biochar for nitrate and phosphate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Activated biochars may have use as adsorbents for reducing nutrient\u2010leaching in soils.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T17:45:06Z","timestamp":1497548706000},"page":"889-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Effects of Temperature and Activation on Biochar Chemical Properties and Their Impact on Ammonium, Nitrate, and Phosphate Sorption"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. P.","family":"Voroney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. W.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie Univ. Truro NS Canada B2N 5E3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-011-9133-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.08.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.12.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Soil sampling and methods of analysis","author":"Hendershot W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7084-4","article-title":"Adsorption of ammonium on biochar prepared from giant reed","volume":"23","author":"Hou J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-016-1360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.09.068","article-title":"Phosphate adsorption ability of biochar\/Mg\u2013Al assembled nanocomposites prepared by aluminum\u2010electrode based electro\u2010assisted modification method with MgCl2 as electrolyte","volume":"198","author":"Jung K.\u2010W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/447143a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.07.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Soil sampling and methods of analysis","author":"Maynard D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)88444-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(97)00119-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"SAS for Windows, version 9.2","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.05.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.07.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","article-title":"Adsorption of ammonium in aqueous solutions by pine sawdust and wheat straw biochars","author":"Yang H.I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es4012977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.03.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SR15256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2014.03.0132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.01.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2134%2Fjeq2017.02.0043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T15:44:34Z","timestamp":1760629474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2017.02.0043","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2425","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}