{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:47:14Z","timestamp":1778341634719,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]],"date-time":"2000-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":962409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hatch Act"},{"name":"State of Iowa funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Crop Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inorganic soil amendments have been suggested for use in turf to alleviate soil compaction, increase water retention and hydraulic conductivity, and improve many other soil physical properties. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ceramic, porous ceramic clay (PCC), calcined diatomaceous earth (CDE), and polymer coated clay (PC) on the physical characteristics of sand\u2010based media and to determine the effects of these amendments on bulk density following freeze\u2013thaw treatments. Inorganic materials were added to a sand\u2010based golf green at 10% on a volumetric basis during construction in 1996. Data collected from the field included saturated hydraulic conductivity (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub>), water retention, water release curves, bulk density and total porosity on compacted samples collected at construction, and undisturbed samples collected from the treated plots 1 and 2 yr after establishment. The PCC treatment had an 8 and 7% higher cation\u2010exchange capacity (CEC) than the control in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The PCC increased the <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub> by 26 and 20% in the compacted and undisturbed samples, respectively, in 1998. The CDE increased water retention by 13% in both compacted and undisturbed samples. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand\u2013inorganic mixtures decreased in the 2 yr, although some increases in <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub> were observed each spring. The <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub> of plots receiving all inorganic amendments was reduced by 75% in November of 1998. The <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub> values in the spring of 1999 increased from the low levels of 1998 by 19% (PC), 44% (control), 59% (ceramic), 72% (PCC), and 82% (CDE). The changes of <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sat<\/jats:sub> over the winter may have been induced by freezing and thawing. These changes may not necessarily be caused by total porosity increases; instead they may be caused by increases in macropores. This hypothesis was further tested in the laboratory in a freeze\u2013thaw study conducted in 1999. The PC, control, CDE, and PCC decreased bulk density by 10.7, 7.2, 2.5, and 2.2%, respectively, following a freeze\u2013thaw cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2000.4041121x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T15:18:19Z","timestamp":1280416699000},"page":"1121-1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Inorganic Soil Amendment Effects on Sand\u2010Based Sports Turf Media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Deying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. Horticulture Iowa State Univ.  Ames IA 50011\u20101100"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young K.","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. Horticulture Iowa State Univ.  Ames IA 50011\u20101100"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick E.","family":"Christians","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. Horticulture Iowa State Univ.  Ames IA 50011\u20101100"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Minner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep. Horticulture Iowa State Univ.  Ames IA 50011\u20101100"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","volume-title":"Turfgrass: Science and culture","author":"Beard J.B.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Eight questions to ask: Evaluating soil and turf conditioners. (10)","volume":"61","author":"Carrow R.N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Golf Course Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the symposium on the fundamentals of soil conditioning","author":"De Boodt M.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1986.00021962007800060031x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J099v01n01_01","article-title":"Physical properties of sand as affected by clinoptilolite zeolite particle size and quality","volume":"1","author":"Huang Z.T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Turfgrass Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Laboratory methods for evaluation of putting green root zone mixes. (2)","volume":"31","author":"Hummel N.W.","year":"1993","journal-title":"USGA Green Section Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agron. Monogr. 9","author":"Klute A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agron. Monogr. 9","author":"Klute A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Water and nutrient retention properties of internally porous inorganic amendments in high sand content root zones","volume":"2","author":"McCoy E.L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Turfgrass Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Soil science: Methods and applications","author":"Rowell D.L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Waddington D.V. .Soil modification for turfgrass areas. I. Physical properties of physically amended soils. Penn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Progress Rep. 337 University Park PA. (1974)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Handbook of soil conditioners: Substances that enhance the physical properties of soil","author":"Wallace A.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Crop Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2135%2Fcropsci2000.4041121x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2135\/cropsci2000.4041121x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:16:12Z","timestamp":1760386572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2135\/cropsci2000.4041121x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2135\/cropsci2000.4041121x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2135\/cropsci2000.4041121x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-183X","1435-0653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-183X","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-0653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-09-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}