{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1792665099132,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SSRN Journal"],"DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2885550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T16:22:04Z","timestamp":1482337324000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Philanthrocapitalism: Exacerbating the Antidemocratic, Paternalistic, and Amateuristic Nature of Philanthropy"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Franklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Id","journal-title":"at 5 (noting that one goal of the annual information returns was \"enabling the IRS to more efficiently assess the risk of any noncompliance by the organization"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Id","journal-title":"noting that one goal of the annual information returns was \"[e]nhancing transparency by providing the IRS and the public with a realistic picture of the filing organization and its operations\")","DOI":"10.1002\/npc.3870190503"},{"key":"ref3","author":"T Steven","year":"2007","journal-title":"For example, public charities are required to submit either the Form 990, Form 990-EZ, or Form 990-N depending on the organization's gross receipts. FORM 990 INSTRUCTIONS, supra note 362, at 2. Organizations that normally receive less than $50,000 in gross receipts use the Form 990-N, organizations that have between $50,000 and $200,000 in annual gross receipts use the Form 990-EZ, and organizations that have more than $200"},{"key":"ref4","author":"I R S See","year":"2017","journal-title":"INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM 990-PF: RETURN OF PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS OR SECTION 4947(A)(1) NONEXEMPT CHARITABLE TRUST TREATED AS A PRIVATE FOUNDATION"},{"key":"ref5","journal-title":"But see PHILANTHROPY IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES, supra note 72, at 69 (\"[F]oundations are often black boxes, stewarding and distributing private assets for public purposes, as identified and defined by the donor, about which the public knows very little and can find out very little"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"See INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM 990-PF, supra note 369","DOI":"10.1163\/ilwo-vi27"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"See Franklin","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-0032(20)92075-6"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Valerie Strauss","year":"2013","journal-title":"How Private Money is Driving Public Education Policy, WASH. POST"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cprt.30176","author":"David Callahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opinion, As Government Retrenches, Philanthropy Booms, N.Y. TIMES"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4087\/foundationreview-d-10-00041","volume":"59","author":"Yoko Crume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exposing Real World Philanthropy to the Next Generation of Social Work Leaders, 3 FOUND. REV"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"They are often derided as nothing more than unnecessary bureaucratic hurdles that do little more than generate income for licensing organizations or act as protectionist bulwarks against competition. See Edward Timmons, More and More Jobs Today Require a License. That's Good for Some Workers, but Not Always for Consumers","year":"2018","journal-title":"413. Occupational licenses are not without criticism"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-498x.2005.00074_3.x","volume":"6","author":"E G See","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Tenn Educator Licensure","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"14","article-title":"Board of Medical Examiners, TENN. DEP'T OF HEALTH, www.tn.gov\/health\/health-program-areas\/healthprofessional-boards\/me-board\/me-board\/applications.html (last visited Oct","volume":"13","author":"E G See","year":"2017","journal-title":"Supp"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"19","author":"E G See"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Sup Tenn","DOI":"10.2172\/4273558"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"19","volume":"13","author":"E G See","year":"2017","journal-title":"Board of Social Workers, TENN. DEP'T OF HEALTH, www.tn.gov\/health\/health-program-areas\/health-professional-boards\/sw-board.html (last visited Oct"},{"key":"ref18","volume":"2","author":"E G See","journal-title":"02(a) (\"An applicant seeking admission by examination, by transferred UBE score or without examination must have completed a course of instruction in and graduated with a J.D. Degree from a law school accredited by the ABA at the time of applicant's graduation, or a Tennessee law school approved by the Board pursuant to section 2"},{"key":"ref19","volume":"13","author":"E G See","year":"2018","journal-title":"Admission by Exam, TENN. BD. OF LAW EXAM'RS, www.tnble.org\/ (last visited Oct"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"19","author":"E G See"},{"key":"ref21","volume":"21","author":"E G See","journal-title":"Unless otherwise exempted, each attorney admitted to practice law in the State of Tennessee shall obtain by December 31 of that calendar year a minimum of fifteen (15) hours of continuing legal education"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"The Poison of Propensity: How Character and Fitness Sacrifices the \"Others\" in the Name of \"Protection","volume":"345","author":"Lusk Lindsey Ruta","year":"2018","journal-title":"ILL. L. REV"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"T]he exam 'is an unpredictable and unacceptable impediment for accessibility to the legal profession","author":"Elizabeth Olson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bar Exam, the Standard to Become a Lawyer"},{"key":"ref24","volume":"77","author":"Joel Seligman","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Id","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0657(14)70247-4"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"link between unanimous consent and legitimacy has been explored for centuries in political philosophy under the heading 'social contract theory","volume":"675","author":"Geert Demuijnck & Bj\ufffdrn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. BUS. ETHICS"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Joel Gehman","journal-title":"Social License to Operate: Legitimacy by Another Name?","DOI":"10.1111\/capa.12218"},{"key":"ref28","volume":"293","author":"Pub","year":"2013","journal-title":"A]fter mentioning the concept of social license in less than 10 articles a year from 1997 through 2002, new media mentioned social license more than 1,000 articles a year from"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"49","author":"Susan Joyce & Ian Thomson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earning a Social License to Operate: Social Acceptability and Resource Development in Latin America, 93 CAN. MINING & METALLURGICAL BULL"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Social License to Operate","author":"Ian Thomson","year":"2011","journal-title":"2 SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK 1779"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351275163","author":"Leeora Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"YOUR MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR COMPLEX TIMES"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"The term 'social license to operate' seems to have arisen in its current form from the mining industry, and, in particular, in relation to operations in Australia and Canada since the 1990s","volume":"14","author":"John Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"HOW TO KEEP YOUR ORGANIZATION LEGITIMATE"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The health impacts of mining on surrounding communities include increased risk of malaria, skin diseases, diarrhea, fever, colds and catarrh","volume":"8","author":"Emmanuel Aboka Yaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. HEALTH & POLLUTION"},{"key":"ref34","journal-title":"The environmental impacts include noise pollution caused by heavy trucks from mining centers, pollution of water bodies by chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and cadmium from refining of mined minerals, contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals and other pollutants, resulting in the depletion of agriculture land, reduction in food productivity due to infertile land and depletion of wildlife due to clearing of forests that serve as habitat for many animal species"},{"key":"ref35","volume":"61","author":"Kieren Moffat","year":"2014","journal-title":"For mining companies, it is increasingly evident that obtaining a formal [license] to operate from governments and meeting regulatory requirements is no longer enough. Instances of mining developments being delayed, interrupted, and even shut down due to public opposition have been extensively documented"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"437 This interest gave rise to the social license to operate. The license, which is analytically distinct from a regulatory license administered by a governmental agency, generally refers to a local community's acceptance or approval of a project or a company's ongoing presence. It is usually informal and intangible, and is granted by a community based on the opinions and views of stakeholders, including local populations, aboriginal groups, and other interested parties. 438 Because of this \"informal and intangible\" nature, social licenses to operate are not required by any governing body with policing powers. 439 However, in the mining industry, social licenses to operate are \"increasingly regarded as a practical necessity before a project or activity-regulated or not-can proceed","year":"2012","journal-title":"See Demuijnck & Fasterling, supra note 427, at 675. 436. Id. the sustained development of mine-impacted communities as part of the debate around the costs and benefits of mineral development"},{"key":"ref37","author":"F Brian","journal-title":"Social License to Operate: How to Get It, and How to Keep It 2 (2013) (unpublished manuscript) (on file with Pacific Energy Summit). 439. Id. 440. Id"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"301","author":"But See Gehman"},{"key":"ref39","journal-title":"See Demuijnck & Fasterling, supra note 427"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"299","author":"Gehman"}],"container-title":["SSRN Electronic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T09:26:26Z","timestamp":1561195586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=2885550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2885550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-5068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-5068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}