{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T16:32:13Z","timestamp":1786897933371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Polygenic embryo screening (\u201cPES\u201d) analyzes embryos for hundreds or thousands of genomic loci to generate risk scores that estimate genetic susceptibility to conditions and traits compared to the general population. The technology is commercially marketed directly to consumers. Companies focus mostly on medical conditions, sometimes in ways that oversell its advantages and efficacy, encouraging fertility patients to \u201cchoose your healthiest embryo\u201d and \u201cprotect your future child from genetic risks.\u201d The advertising of PES trades on norms of children\u2019s health and good parenting and reinforces those normative ideals. While it is easy to assume PES will be constrained in practice by its clinical limitations, high cost, and health burdens associated with in vitro fertilization, inflated marketing claims could exacerbate other legal and social forces to expand its use. Since the fall of Roe v. Wade, over a dozen states have banned abortion, forcing some people to give birth to children they would not otherwise have had. Others who are denied the abortion choice may seek to recover this lost sense of agency over their reproductive lives in other ways. This article examines the risks of decision fatigue and choice overload that PES may create in prospective parents, and the distinctive challenges that PES poses for legal liability over matters of truth in advertising and informed consent.&lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4814475","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T14:15:38Z","timestamp":1714745738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Choosing Your \"Healthiest\" Embryo After Dobbs: Polygenic Screening and Distinctive Challenges for Truth in Advertising and Informed Consent"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Dov","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-5828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Suter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghna","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"L\u00e1zaro-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2022","journal-title":"] (discussing three lawsuits involving destroyed embryos at a fertility clinic, which led to the Alabama Supreme Court ruling that \"the embryos . . . should be considered children under state law, a decision that sent shock waves through the fertility industry and raised urgent questions about how treatments could possibly proceed in the state"},{"key":"ref2","author":"Caroline Kitchener","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Abortion Ban Made Them Teen Parents. This is Life Two Years Later"},{"key":"ref3","volume":"1","author":"See W Connor Gibbs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Who Needs Control? A Cultural Perspective on the Process of Compensatory Control, 17 SOC. & PERSONALITY PSYCH"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The Pandora's Box of Embryo Testing is Officially Open","volume":"5","author":"See Carey","year":"2022","journal-title":"BLOOMBERG"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"299","article-title":"Selective Procreation in Public and Private Law, 64 UCLA L. REV","volume":"294","author":"See Dov","year":"2016","journal-title":"DISCOURSE"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Silver Spoons and Golden Genes: Genetic Engineering and the Egalitarian Ethos, 33 AM","volume":"567","author":"See Dov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.L. & MED"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"TELLING GENES: THE STORY OF GENETIC COUNSELING","volume":"25","author":"Alexandra Minna Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"AMERICA"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Such books suggest that the quest for reproductive information through prenatal testing \"constitutes good maternal behavior","volume":"84","year":"1997","journal-title":"CULTURE"},{"key":"ref9","volume":"1","author":"See Suter"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Genetic Risk and the Birth of the Somatic Individual, 29 ECON. & SOC","volume":"485","author":"Carlos Novas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Y"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Selecting for Disability: How an Anecdote Can Inspire Regulation of Genetic Reproductive Technologies, 38 HARV","author":"See Doron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.L. & TECH"},{"key":"ref12","volume":"273","author":"See Dov","year":"2014","journal-title":"L. REV"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"GOVERNED THROUGH CHOICE: AUTONOMY, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE POLITICS OF","volume":"82","author":"Jennifer M Denbow","year":"2015","journal-title":"REPRODUCTION"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"424","article-title":"Damned If You Do or Damned If You Don't: The Medical Malpractice Implications of Consumer-Generated Polygenic Risk Scores, 38 HARV","volume":"417","author":"See Jessica","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.L. & TECH"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"384","article-title":"For discussion of why parents may bring such suits, see Cailin Harris, Statutory Prohibitions on Wrongful Birth Claims and Their Dangerous Effects on Parents","volume":"365","author":"B C J L Soc","year":"2014","journal-title":"JUST"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"(describing how liability concerns led doctors to push maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein","volume":"233","author":"See Suter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproducing Race in an Era of Reckoning, 105 MINN. L. REV"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1885","author":"Dov Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Racial Classification in Assisted Reproduction, 118 YALE L.J. 1844"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"122","author":"E G See","year":"2024","journal-title":"CREATING FUTURE PEOPLE: THE SCIENCE AND ETHICS OF GENETIC ENHANCEMENT"},{"key":"ref19","volume":"162","author":"Dov Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"BIRTH RIGHTS AND WRONGS: HOW MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE REMAKING REPRODUCTION AND THE LAW"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Toward an Ethically Sensitive Implementation of Noninvasive Prenatal Screening in the Global Context, 47 HASTINGS CTR","volume":"41","author":"E G See","year":"2017","journal-title":"REP"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Says It Helps Parents Pick Healthier Embryos","author":"See Melody Petersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"L.A. TIMES"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"61","journal-title":"See infra text accompanying notes"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Polygenic Embryo Screening: Four Clinical Considerations Warrant Further Attention","volume":"37","author":"Stacey Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"HUM. REPROD"},{"key":"ref24","author":"L\ufffdzaro-Mu\ufffdoz"},{"key":"ref25","author":"See Nathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Polygenic Disease Relative Risk Reduction: Evaluation of Genomic Index Performance in 11,883 Adult Sibling Pairs, 11 GENES"},{"key":"ref26","author":"Todd Lencz","year":"2021","journal-title":"T]he accuracy of PRSs is sub-optimal when applied in non-European populations and across different socio-economic groups"},{"key":"ref27","author":"Turley","journal-title":"T]he expected gains associated with ESPS are lower when the biologic parents have an ancestral background that is different from that of the study sample used to create the polygenic score. Almost all human genetics research to date has been conducted with research participants of European ancestries"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Screening Human Embryos for Polygenic Traits Has Limited Utility","volume":"179","author":"Ehud Karavani","year":"2019","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992, 42 U.S.C. \ufffd \ufffd 263a-1 to 263a"},{"key":"ref30","author":"U S Admin","year":"2018","journal-title":"FDA REGULATION OF HUMAN CELLS, TISSUES, AND CELLULAR AND TISSUE-BASED PRODUCTS"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2000","journal-title":"See Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992, 42 U.S.C. \ufffd \ufffd 263a-1 to a"},{"key":"ref32","volume":"67","author":"& Cahn","journal-title":"80 (describing the value in the United States of a regulatory body modeled after the British HFEA that would regulate assisted reproductive technologies)"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"435","volume":"78","author":"Id ; L\ufffdzaro-Mu\ufffdoz","journal-title":"433; Turley et al., supra note 3"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1376","author":"See Pereira"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"61","article-title":"supra note 2, at 432; Turley et al., supra note 3, at 80, 81; cf. Dov Fox, The Second Generation of Racial Profiling, 38 AM","volume":"49","author":"Goldberg ; L\ufffdzaro-Mu\ufffdoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. CRIM. L"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Turley"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"348","article-title":"The State's Interest in Potential Life","volume":"43","author":"See Dov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.L. MED. & ETHICS"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 74 Loci Associated with Educational Attainment","volume":"533","author":"Aysu Okbay","year":"2016","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"276","article-title":"The Tyranny of Choice: Reproductive Selection in the Future","volume":"5","author":"Sonia M Suter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.L. & BIOSCIENCES"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"The Limits of Informed Consent for an Overwhelmed Patient: Clinicians' Role in Protecting Patients and Preventing Overwhelm","volume":"18","author":"See Generally","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMA J. ETHICS"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref41","volume":"7","author":"Ruth R See","year":"1986","journal-title":"A HISTORY AND THEORY OF INFORMED CONSENT"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1085","volume":"1066","author":"See Dov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medical Disobedience, 136 HARV. L. REV. 1030"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"The Politics of Information: Informed Consent in Abortion and Endof-Life Decision Making, 39 AM","volume":"7","author":"Sonia M Suter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.L. & MED"},{"key":"ref44","author":"Suter"},{"key":"ref45","author":"Id","journal-title":"287-300 (discussing algorithms as a potential remedy for paralyzing choices"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"597","article-title":"A Tiered-Layered-Staged Model for Informed Consent in Personal Genome Testing, 21 EUR","volume":"596","author":"M Eline","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. HUM. GENETICS"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"501","volume":"499","author":"Jonathan S Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deploying Whole Genome Sequencing in Clinical Practice and Public Health: Meeting the Challenge One Bin at a Time, 13 GENETICS MED"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"86","article-title":"When Bins Blur: Patient Perspectives on Categories of Results from Clinical Whole Genome Sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Leila Jamal","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJOB EMPIRICAL BIOETHICS"},{"key":"ref49","author":"Suter"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"293","author":"Suter"},{"key":"ref51","author":"Id","journal-title":"297-99; see also supra text accompanying notes 32"},{"key":"ref52","volume":"1","author":"See Gerard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Legal Personhood and Frozen Embryos: Implications for Fertility Patients and Providers in Post-Roe America"},{"key":"ref53","volume":"215","author":"Dobbs V","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jackson Women's Health Org"},{"key":"ref54","volume":"3","year":"2024","journal-title":"No. CV-21-901607, 2024 WL 656591"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"The Massive Legal Fallout from Alabama's IVF Ruling Is Just the Beginning","volume":"2","author":"Mary See","year":"2024","journal-title":"32 PM EST)"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"University in Alabama Halts IVF Treatments after Court Rules Embryos Are Children","volume":"384","author":"Janice H Tanne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disability-Selective Abortion and the Americans with Disabilities Act"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T15:54:47Z","timestamp":1786895687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=4814475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4814475","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}