{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:28:37Z","timestamp":1786544917541,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The English language version of this paper is available at:  &lt;a href=\"http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1542759\"&gt;http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1542759&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Este documento es una versi\u00f3n abreviada de nuestro trabajo mucho m\u00e1s extenso, con el mismo t\u00edtulo, disponible en: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=920625. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Esta versi\u00f3n abreviada del documento no incluye todos los aspectos tratados en este extracto y resumen del documento completo y est\u00e1 escrito con la presunci\u00f3n de que el lector se ha le\u00eddo el siguiente documento de 5 p\u00e1ginas que establece la estructura b\u00e1sica de nuestro modelo y an\u00e1lisis.  Esta disponible en:  &lt;a href=\"http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1511274\"&gt;http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1511274&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Presentamos un modelo positivo de integridad que, tal como se determina y define la integridad, proporciona un poderoso acceso para alcanzar un mejor rendimiento en individuos, grupos, organizaciones y sociedades.  Nuestro modelo revela el v\u00ednculo causal entre la integridad y la mejora del rendimiento, cualquiera que sea la elecci\u00f3n de la definici\u00f3n de \u00e9ste (por ejemplo, calidad de vida, o creaci\u00f3n de valor para cualquier entidad) y proporciona el acceso a dicha relaci\u00f3n de causalidad.  Por lo tanto, la integridad es un factor de producci\u00f3n tan importante como el conocimiento y la tecnolog\u00eda. Sin embargo, el principal papel de la integridad en la productividad y el rendimiento ha quedado en gran parte oculto, o inadvertido e incluso ignorado por economistas y otros.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;El discurso filos\u00f3fico de uso com\u00fan, tal como se refleja en las definiciones de diccionario, hacen una confusa superposici\u00f3n entre los cuatro fen\u00f3menos, integridad, moral, \u00e9tica y legalidad. Esta superposici\u00f3n confunde los cuatro fen\u00f3menos de manera que la eficacia y la potencialidad de cada uno se ve seriamente disminuida.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;En este nuevo modelo se distinguen los cuatro fen\u00f3menos - integridad,  moral,  \u00e9tica y legalidad - como existentes dentro de dos \u00e1mbitos separados.  La integridad pertenece a un \u00e1mbito positivo desprovisto de contenido normativo.  Integridad, por tanto, no trata de lo bueno o lo malo, lo correcto o lo incorrecto, o de lo que debe o no debe ser.  Moral,  \u00e9tica y  legalidad pertenecen al \u00e1mbito normativo de las virtudes (es decir, versan sobre lo bueno y lo malo, lo correcto e incorrecto, o lo que debe o no debe ser).  Adem\u00e1s, dentro de sus respectivos \u00e1mbitos, cada uno de los cuatro fen\u00f3menos se distingue como perteneciente a un dominio distinto y separado, y la definici\u00f3n de cada uno de los t\u00e9rminos queda clara e inequ\u00edvoca, y no hay superposici\u00f3n.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Lo distintivo del dominio de la integridad es el estado objetivo o la condici\u00f3n de un objeto, sistema, persona, grupo, organizaci\u00f3n o entidad y, en consonancia con las dos primeras de las tres definiciones en el diccionario Webster, la integridad se define como el estado o condici\u00f3n de ser entero, completo, intacto, irreprochable, s\u00f3lido, en perfectas condiciones.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Afirmamos que la integridad (la condici\u00f3n de ser entero y completo) es una condici\u00f3n necesaria para la funcionalidad, y que el nivel resultante de funcionalidad de un individuo, grupo u organizaci\u00f3n determina su disponibilidad para alcanzar el rendimiento. Por lo tanto, la manera en que tratamos la integridad en nuestro modelo proporciona un acceso inequ\u00edvoco y efectivo, una oportunidad hacia un rendimiento superior, no importa c\u00f3mo se defina el rendimiento.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Para un individuo lo distintivo de la integridad es una cuesti\u00f3n de que su palabra sea entera y completa.  Para un grupo o entidad organizada se define la integridad como esa palabra del grupo u organizaci\u00f3n entera y completa.  La  palabra de un grupo u organizaci\u00f3n consiste en lo que se dicen entre la gente de ese grupo u organizaci\u00f3n, y lo que se dice por o en nombre del grupo u organizaci\u00f3n. En el contexto de la integridad la palabra de una entidad humana es una cuesti\u00f3n de que sea total y completa, la integridad de un individuo, grupo u organizaci\u00f3n queda definida como: cumplir la propia palabra.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Simplificando un poco, \"cumplir con su palabra\", como se define, significa mantener uno su palabra, o tan pronto como sabe que no lo va a hacer, decir que no va a cumplirla a aquellos que contaban con su palabra y  aclarar cualquier enredo  causado por incumplirla.   Con \"cumplir con su palabra\" , queremos decir, hacer lo que uno dijo que har\u00eda y en el tiempo que dijo que lo har\u00eda.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Cumplir con su palabra es tambi\u00e9n el camino a la creaci\u00f3n de relaciones sociales y de trabajo totales y completas .  Adem\u00e1s, proporciona una v\u00eda factible para ganarse la confianza de los dem\u00e1s.  Y tal vez, lo m\u00e1s importante, proporciona un camino efectivo para llegar a ser entero y completo con uno mismo, en otras palabras, ser una persona \u00edntegra.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demostramos que la aplicaci\u00f3n del an\u00e1lisis coste-beneficio no ser\u00eda fidedigna como garant\u00eda para cumplir con su palabra.  Y eso, con una singular salvedad, no siendo usted una persona  \u00edntegra, se reducir\u00e1 tanto su funcionalidad en la vida como su oportunidad para rendir. La singular salvedad  de esta conclusi\u00f3n es la siguiente: si al dar su palabra, usted anuncia que va a aplicar el an\u00e1lisis coste-beneficio para cumplir con su palabra,  mantendr\u00e1 su integridad, pero  asimismo debiera  anunciar que es usted un oportunista sin paliativos.  La aplicaci\u00f3n casi autom\u00e1tica del an\u00e1lisis  coste-beneficio para la propia integridad (una tendencia inherente en la mayor\u00eda de nosotros) se encuentra en el coraz\u00f3n de gran parte de lo fuera- de-integridad y del comportamiento indigno de confianza en la vida moderna.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;En cuanto a la relaci\u00f3n entre la integridad y los tres fen\u00f3menos relativos a la virtud, la moral, la \u00e9tica y la legalidad, este nuevo modelo: 1) abarca los cuatro t\u00e9rminos en una teor\u00eda consistente,  2) deja claro y sin ambig\u00fcedades la \"br\u00fajula moral\" potencialmente disponible en cada uno de los tres fen\u00f3menos relativos a la virtud, y  3) al revelar la relaci\u00f3n entre cumplir las normas en los tres fen\u00f3menos relativos a la virtud y el rendimiento (incluyendo el ser completo como persona y la calidad de vida),  aumenta la probabilidad de que las br\u00fajulas morales, ahora claras, en realidad puedan determinar el comportamiento humano actual.  Todo esto acaece principalmente por el tratamiento \u00fanico de la integridad en nuestro modelo, como un fen\u00f3meno puramente positivo, independientemente de los juicios del valor normativo.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;En resumen, se muestra que la definici\u00f3n de integridad como cumplir con la propia palabra  (como lo hemos definido \"cumplir con la palabra\"): 1) proporciona un acceso inequ\u00edvoco y efectivo, una oportunidad para un rendimiento superior y una ventaja competitiva a nivel individual, organizacional y social, y 2) faculta a los tres fen\u00f3menos relativos a la virtud,  de la moral, la \u00e9tica y la legalidad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1756285","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T10:27:23Z","timestamp":1325759243000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integridad: Un Modelo Positivo Que Incorpora Fenomenos Normativos de Moral, Etica y Legalidad - Abreviado (Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics, and Legality - Abridged)"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2046-4999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Werner","family":"Erhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Jensen (Deceased)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Zaffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"326","article-title":"This time it is personal: Employee online shopping at work","volume":"6","author":"Susan M Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Answers.com. 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