{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:32:29Z","timestamp":1770831149905,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical damage to geogrids significantly affects their performance in geotechnical applications, yet conventional testing methods provide limited insight into the complex strain localization mechanisms governing failure behavior. This study presents a comprehensive framework combining digital image correlation (DIC) with three-dimensional finite element modelling to investigate damage effects on the mechanical response of extruded geogrids. A DIC-based experimental approach was developed to characterize full-field strain distributions in both undamaged and damaged geogrid specimens under in-isolation tensile loading, revealing distinct localization patterns and damage-induced stress concentrations that would remain undetected by conventional extensometer devices. The experimental strain data were used to calibrate and validate an orthotropic viscoelastic model that captures the directional dependencies and damage effects observed in testing. The validated numerical framework was then applied to investigate damage effects on soil-geogrid interaction using a footing configuration, demonstrating that damage type and location significantly influence load-settlement response and soil-reinforcement mechanisms. Soil strain field analysis revealed that damage primarily affects performance by altering load distribution into the foundation soil, with interrupted continuity leading to narrowed stress transmission pathways and reduced load-bearing efficiency. The developed methodology provides a quantitative basis for damage assessment in geogrids and demonstrates the advantages of combining experimental full-field measurements with numerical modelling for understanding complex geosynthetic behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6219648","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T16:38:13Z","timestamp":1770827893000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital image correlation for mechanical damage assessment in geogrids: experimental characterization and 3D numerical modeling of soil-geogrid interaction"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Pinho-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-9047","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robertt","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002218","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling of geogrid pullout test using finite-element method","volume":"22","author":"I Amirhosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Geomechanics"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method","volume":"55","author":"P Ariyarathne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soils and Foundations"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/6\/045","article-title":"Performance of sub-pixel registration algorithms in digital image correlation","volume":"17","author":"P Bing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Measurement Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02321405","article-title":"Digital image correlation using newtonraphson method of partial differential correction","volume":"29","author":"H A Bruck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Experimental Mechanics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2009.03.002","article-title":"Experimental and analytical studies of reinforced crushed limestone","volume":"27","author":"Q Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotextiles and Geomembranes"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1680\/jphmg.15.00040","article-title":"Guidelines for dic in geotechnical engineering research","volume":"17","author":"Z C Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2006.13.1.23","article-title":"Investigation of installation damage of some geogrids using laboratory tests","volume":"13","author":"H Ching-Chuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geosynthetics International"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Using the students t-test with extremely small sample sizes","volume":"18","author":"J C De Winter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"ref9","author":"C M Douglas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers 6th Edition Solutions Manual"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Durability of Geosynthetics","author":"J H Greenwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"CUR Building & Infrastructure"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2007.14.2.65","article-title":"Installation damage of geogrids: influence of load intensity","volume":"14","author":"C C Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geosynthetics International"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2015.12.004","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element approach for modeling biaxial geogrid with application to geogrid-reinforced soils","volume":"44","author":"M Hussein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geotextiles and Geomembranes"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Geosynthetics -Index test procedure for the evaluation of mechanical damage under repeated loading","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosynthetics -Wide-width tensile test. 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