{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:58:18Z","timestamp":1772035098908,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many uncertainties are related to the seismic out-of-plane (OOP) response of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures. Challenges include prediction of the triggering acceleration, velocity, and their role on the final collapse mechanism. To date, shake-table tests have investigated limited boundary conditions (BCs) scenarios, and the common unrestrained wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections lack investigation. These conditions leads to hybrid two-way bending, a response featuring simultaneous rocking and horizontal bending, so far observed only in a static environment. This paper discusses an extensive shake-table campaign to observe the OOP response of URM specimens with no top horizontal connection subjected to structural and input variations. A novel methodology combining dynamic testing and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques is proposed. Mechanisms\u2019 interaction is addressed in three instances, namely activation, progression, and near-collapse. Results demonstrate the early activation of hybrid two-way bending, the long-duration cycles of horizontal one-way bending, and the short and sudden sequences of rocking. Five distinct collapse mechanisms are observed, strengthening literature on the issue. The campaign has generated a robust experimental dataset, which supports validation of analytical and numerical models, as well as further probabilistic analyses (i.e., fragility curves and limit states definition).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6302819","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T14:40:45Z","timestamp":1772030445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental dynamic out-of-plane response of masonry buildings: Mechanism activation, progression, and collapse"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Dario","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Babar","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1796-686X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-0199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paulo  B.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"References"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2023.2228913","article-title":"Out-of-Plane Dynamical Strength of Masonry Walls Under Seismic Actions","volume":"28","author":"S Coccia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Earthquake Engineering"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.3512","article-title":"A variational rigid-block modeling approach to nonlinear elastic and kinematic analysis of failure mechanisms in historic masonry structures subjected to lateral loads","volume":"50","author":"F P A Portioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earthq. 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