{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:14:37Z","timestamp":1772133277400,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives in the textile industry has encouraged the exploration of natural products as sustainable sources for dye synthesis. This study focused on the design, synthesis, and application of azo dyes obtained from phenolic precursors, namely eugenol combined with aminobenzoic acid derivatives. The main goal was to create environmentally sustainable dyes and validate their applicability in textile finishing processes, particularly exhaust dyeing and coating. The dyes were synthesized through classical diazotization-coupling strategies and structural characterization was achieved by spectroscopic methods, which supported the successful introduction of the azo functionality and preservation of key phenolic groups. Textile application studies demonstrated that the synthesized dyes were capable of producing uniform and vivid colours on cotton knitted fabrics. Pretreatments with cationic agents improved dye uptake and washing durability on cellulose substrates, while surface coating techniques proved especially effective in enhancing colour intensity. Adjustments in coating parameters, such as thickness and number of layers, further contributed to improved fastness to wash and light. The promising results obtained in this work highlight the potential of azo dyes incorporating natural products, as sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic dyes used in the textile industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6308726","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T18:37:18Z","timestamp":1772131038000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable Application of Eugenol-Derived Azo Dyes on Cotton Fabrics"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9911-495X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filipa  D. P.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-4529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9  R. A.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9  G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4692-8379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana  M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-9135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla Joana dos Santos  Joana","family":"Marinho da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-1190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.  Sameiro T.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120237","article-title":"Biofilm-mediated decolorization, degradation and detoxification of synthetic effluent by novel biofilm-producing bacteria isolated from textile dyeing effluent","volume":"314","author":"M M Haque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10889868.2025.2498695","article-title":"Insights on microbial enzymes mediated biodegradation of azo dyes: a sustainable strategy for environment clean up","author":"S Tyagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioremediat. J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33892-7_3","article-title":"Classification of Dye and Pigments","author":"A G\ufffdrses","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyes and Pigments"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2016.1236602","article-title":"Azo dyes and human health: A review","volume":"34","author":"K T Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33646","article-title":"A review of history, properties, classification, applications and challenges of natural and synthetic dyes","volume":"10","author":"E O Alegbe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24241-9","article-title":"Characterization of a blue-green pigment extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its application in textile and paper dyeing","volume":"30","author":"S Sengupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173632","article-title":"Naturalized Dyes: A New Opportunity for the Wood Coloring","volume":"15","author":"L Vespignani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105112","article-title":"Clove essential oil and eugenol: A review of their significance and uses","volume":"62","author":"M V Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to dyeing of textiles","author":"J N Chakraborty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fundamentals and Practices in Colouration of Textiles"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of dye adsorption and supramolecular interaction between dyes and cotton fibers in non-aqueous media\/less water dyeing system","volume":"222","author":"L Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6628404","article-title":"Review on Intermolecular Forces between Dyes Used for Polyester Dyeing and Polyester Fiber","volume":"2020","author":"A Ketema","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"111","author":"I","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coating Textiles: Towards Sustainable Processes"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102428-7.00002-X","article-title":"Coating and laminating processes and techniques for textiles","author":"E Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Textile Coatings and Laminates"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-458-1.00008-X","author":"R Conway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Technical Textiles: Technical Textile Processes"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093967.2.309","article-title":"Bonding requirements in coating and laminating of textiles","author":"E Shim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joining Textiles: Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"121","article-title":"Dynamic approach to predict pH profiles of biologically relevant buffers","volume":"9","author":"K Ganesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"New Azo Carboxylic Dyes Derived from Eugenol: Synthesis and Preliminary Application to Polyamide","volume":"14","author":"J R A Coelho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemistry Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.15406\/jteft.2019.05.00199","article-title":"Assessment of fastness properties of knitted cotton fabric dyed with natural dyes: a sustainable approach of textile coloration","volume":"5","author":"T Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2023.2170946","article-title":"Optimization of a Green Dyeing Process Using Natural Dyes Extracted from Corchorus Olitorius Leaves","volume":"20","author":"N Bhouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Fibers"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.226","article-title":"Preparation of novel chitosan derivatives and applications in functional finishing of textiles","volume":"153","author":"H Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/320510","article-title":"Exploratory Investigation of Chitosan as Mordant for Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Printing of Cotton with Natural Dyes","author":"M D Teli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Textiles"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35009","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c02800","article-title":"Eucalyptus-Enhanced Cotton: Pretreatment and Bioactive Coating Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Textiles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities for Skin Applications","volume":"17","author":"C S Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/02670844241265803","article-title":"Surface modification of cotton","volume":"40","author":"L Gopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surface Engineering"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14504\/ajr.6.S1.2","article-title":"A review of chitosan textile applications","volume":"6","author":"C E Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"AATCC Journal of Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00897E","article-title":"Enhancing the reliability of dyes for color filters through TiO2 adsorption: comprehensive identification of factors affecting photocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"W S Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22046","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03163","article-title":"Synthetic Efforts to Investigate the Effect of Planarizing the Triarylamine Geometry in Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells","volume":"7","author":"D M Almenningen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","author":"T Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Understanding the Fastness Issues of Natural Dyes,\" in Dye Chemistry -Exploring Colour From Nature to Lab"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T18:40:36Z","timestamp":1772131236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6308726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6308726","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}