{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:18:41Z","timestamp":1774045121177,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a current critical challenge, requiring the urgent development of new, effective broad-spectrum antimicrobials. To tackle this challenge, in this work, naturally occurring B vitamins, viz. nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid, were used as precursors of both the cation and anion to design novel ionic liquids (ILs) in the form of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs). These combinations allowed for the development of multifunctional (anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial) agents targeting oral administration. The QASs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for the therapeutic potential as well as mechanism of the antimicrobial activity. Mixtures and cocrystals of the starting materials were also investigated for comparison purposes. Salts with the p-aminobenzoate anion showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting albumin denaturation by up to 54%, remarkably outperforming diclofenac sodium at its peak plasma concentration. Both albumin-based and in silico COX-2 studies further indicated that increasing the alkyl chain length significantly enhances the compounds\u2019 efficacy. Antimicrobial tests showed that QASs were up to 250 times more effective than their non-ionic analogues. Moreover, the salts with the highest bactericidal activity completely inhibited biofilm growth against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Solubility studies under simulated gastrointestinal pH showed higher solubility of QASs, up to 100-fold, compared to the non-ionic forms. Cytotoxicity assay using human normal small intestinal cells (HIEC-6) revealed that even the most potent vitamin B analogues, were approximately ten times less toxic than the widely applied pharmaceutical agent, benzalkonium chloride. Ecotoxicity studies using A. franciscana also confirmed their low environmental impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6428126","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:39:13Z","timestamp":1774039153000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quaternary ammonium salts derived from Vitamin B as multifunctional (anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial) therapeutic agents\u00a0\u200b"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-0171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adriana","family":"Olejniczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-6225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Gwiazdowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-5481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Ju\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4385-0051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-0614","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mara  G.","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-8267","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michal","family":"Niemczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:39:14Z","timestamp":1774039154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6428126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6428126","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}