{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:59:25Z","timestamp":1773885565279,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing number of satellites in orbit has created a need for efficient spacecraft monitoring solutions to support situational awareness and reduce operator workload. Sparse and irregular telemetry, due to limited communication and memory constraints, makes conventional methods ineffective. This paper introduces Phase-Folded Kernel Density Estimation (PFKDE), an unsupervised approach that takes advantage of the periodic structure of an orbit to detect anomalies. By transforming the time axis into orbital phase, measurements from successive cycles are aligned within a common phase-based representation. Within this phase domain, kernel density estimation is applied to model the distribution of telemetry values as a function of phase. PFKDE provides intuitive visualizations that enable operators to more easily interpret anomalous behaviour. Enhancements such as adaptive bandwidth selection and phase smoothing are presented to explain how the PFKDE can be adapted to handle different operational contexts efficiently. Experiments conducted on a real-world dataset demonstrate that PFKDE can accurately identify anomalies while providing interpretable visualizations, thereby addressing key challenges in small satellite operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6438828","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:38:22Z","timestamp":1773866302000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phase-Folded KDE Anomaly Detection for Satellite Telemetry"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Cravid\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7210-7179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o  Paulo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-6221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paulo","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5655-9562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:38:22Z","timestamp":1773866302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=6438828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.6438828","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}