{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:13:56Z","timestamp":1790489636603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CEG"],"DOI":"10.2147\/ceg.s200760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T21:31:01Z","timestamp":1589837461000},"page":"203-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["<p>Toxic Megacolon: Background, Pathophysiology, Management Challenges and Solutions<\/p>"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 13","author":[{"given":"Jiten","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-2789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elnaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A","family":"Hanfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-2750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02256402","volume":"1","author":"Bartram","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.8.579","volume":"16","author":"Lennard-Jones","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1919-6","volume":"13","author":"Ciccocioppo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1889-8","volume":"13","author":"Doshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21847","volume":"18","author":"Autenrieth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2005.00887.x","volume":"8","author":"Ausch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198001000-00015","volume":"191","author":"Grieco","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198504000-00007","volume":"7","author":"Greenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00427-1","volume":"18","author":"Danovitch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000018821","volume":"17","author":"Klipfel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02056938","volume":"39","author":"Grundfest-Broniatowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33962-9","volume":"57","author":"Jalan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1159\/000200623","volume":"86","author":"Bockus","year":"1956","journal-title":"Gastroenterologia"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"400","volume":"47","author":"Tomita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900354","volume":"22","author":"Tomita","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91794-5","volume":"102","author":"Pons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65S","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538133","volume":"33","author":"Snape","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)91003-Z","volume":"104","author":"Boeckxstaens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510015539","volume":"40","author":"Palatka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01576.x","volume":"187","author":"Lundberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90636-3","volume":"109","author":"Mourelle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1996.270.3.G425","volume":"270","author":"Mourelle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03986.x","volume":"96","author":"Schworer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bockus HL, Roth JL, Buchman E, Kalser M, Staub WR,Finkelstein A and Valdes-Dapena ALife history of nonspecific ulcerative colitis: relation of prognosis to anatomical and clinical varieties.\u00a0Gastroenterologia1956;86:549\u2013581.26.","DOI":"10.1159\/000200623"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x","volume":"98","author":"Gan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.12250","volume":"203","author":"Maddu","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Toxic Megacolon","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200405000-00011","volume":"10","author":"Hommes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01072276","volume":"22","author":"Hartong","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"161","volume":"68","author":"Roys","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02133974","volume":"38","author":"Trudel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"63","volume":"160","author":"Greenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(86)90256-4","volume":"152","author":"Greenstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"187","volume":"86","author":"Alemayehu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90913-0","volume":"79","author":"Dickinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196905000-00003","volume":"48","author":"Norland","year":"1969","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2007.11.002","volume":"2","author":"Travis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.727","volume":"105","author":"Kornbluth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302601","volume":"330","author":"Lichtiger","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03415.x","volume":"26","author":"Kohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.12.1726","volume":"34","author":"Panos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90042-4","volume":"147","author":"Grant","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31822ade48","volume":"254","author":"Neal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2571-3","volume":"50","author":"Sawada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s004640080104","volume":"15","author":"Shetler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)95043-7","volume":"352","author":"Knroki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0458-8","volume":"18","author":"Pascu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp140359","volume":"72","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90137-6","volume":"107","author":"Beaugerie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780809","volume":"78","author":"Davidson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.04.033","volume":"11","author":"Quddus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91816-0","volume":"2","author":"Truelove","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688708000812","volume":"80","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"931","volume":"89","author":"Boulton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197612000-00004","volume":"184","author":"Strauss","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"55","volume":"87","author":"Snowden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054220","volume":"38","author":"Rubin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"117","volume":"63","author":"Greenstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1975.12096989","volume":"10","author":"Flatmark","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=58232","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=58232","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T03:55:17Z","timestamp":1666583717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/toxic-megacolon-background-pathophysiology-management-challenges-and-s-peer-reviewed-article-CEG"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ceg.s200760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-7023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-7023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}