{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:51:54Z","timestamp":1790628714099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CPAA"],"DOI":"10.2147\/cpaa.s345072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T15:40:08Z","timestamp":1657899608000},"page":"49-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 (ANGPTL3) Inhibitors in the Management of Refractory Hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 14","author":[{"given":"Constantine E","family":"Kosmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D","family":"Bousvarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sourlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia J","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edilberto","family":"Pe\u00f1a Genao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogers","family":"Echavarria Uceta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliscer","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). Accessed March 10, 2022."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.068","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3501.095214","volume":"104","author":"Sharrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.09.017","volume":"60","author":"Ference","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113426","volume":"19","author":"Benito-Vicente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2032798","volume":"383","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2073","volume":"71","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2021-8-3","volume":"10","author":"Kosmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080819-044918","volume":"72","author":"Musunuru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1806939","volume":"381","author":"Michos","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S149423","volume":"12","author":"Kosmas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S288831","volume":"12","author":"Kosmas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6030063","volume":"6","author":"Kosmas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S230592","volume":"16","author":"Kosmas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2021.57.5.3277083","volume":"57","author":"Kosmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100112","volume":"62","author":"Sylvers-Davie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7310","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147310","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd5030039","volume":"5","author":"Lupo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.014","volume":"6","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73388-3","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0838-9","volume":"52","author":"Tikka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612790","volume":"377","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.030","volume":"69","author":"Stitziel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.119","volume":"13","author":"Kersten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158679","volume":"1865","author":"Ruhanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.031","volume":"268","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86384-y","volume":"11","author":"Bea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.015","volume":"69","author":"Genest","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004215","volume":"383","author":"Raal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref31","volume":"13","author":"Poiron","year":"2010","journal-title":"JOBIM"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.013","volume":"314","author":"Harada-Shiba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1705994","volume":"377","author":"Gaudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315204","volume":"41","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.014","volume":"327","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031049","volume":"383","author":"Rosenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001073","volume":"78","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier. An open-label study to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of evinacumab in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: NCT03409744. Available from. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03409744. Accessed March 13, 2022."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04233918. A three-part, single-arm, open-label study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of evinacumab in pediatric patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04233918. Accessed March 13, 2022."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01516-y","volume":"81","author":"Markham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9062004","volume":"9","author":"Dhuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701329","volume":"377","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa689","volume":"41","author":"Gaudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04516291. A phase 2b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vupanorsen (PF-07285557) in statin-treated participants with dyslipidemia. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04516291. Accessed March 13, 2022."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc. Pfizer and ionis announce discontinuation of vupanorsen clinical development program. Available from: https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-ionis-announce-discontinuation-vupanorsen. Accessed March 13, 2022."},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"StatPearls","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055463","volume":"143","author":"Kuehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313051","volume":"39","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=82206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=82206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T15:40:22Z","timestamp":1657899622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/angiopoietin-like-protein-3-angptl3-inhibitors-in-the-management-of-re-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CPAA"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cpaa.s345072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}