{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:30:24Z","timestamp":1773685824086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DDDT"],"DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s259058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T21:41:50Z","timestamp":1595886110000},"page":"3001-3013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<p>Antiviral Agent Therapy Optimization in Special Populations of COVID-19 Patients<\/p>"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-8538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunzhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed April 20, 2020."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002","volume":"6","author":"Vabret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Coronavirus (COVID-19); 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/index.html. Accessed April 13, 2020."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70361-9","volume":"6","author":"Savarino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","volume":"55","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Available from: http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/index.aspx. Accessed May 30, 2020. Chinese."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Coppock K FDA announces two drugs given \u2018compassionate use\u2019 status in treating COVID-19; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.pharmacytimes.com\/news\/fda-announces-two-drugs-approved-for-compassionate-use-in-treating-covid-19. Accessed March 19, 2020."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Chinese National Health Committee. [Diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 7)]; 2020. Available from: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/zhengcwj\/202003\/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. Accessed March 30, 2020. Chinese."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208857","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857","volume":"3","author":"Borba","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Yao","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Gautret","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"215","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1849","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1849","volume":"369","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","author":"Geleris","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cSolidarity\u201d clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments. Accessed June 5, 2020."},{"key":"ref21","author":"Boulware","year":"","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.015","volume":"100","author":"Furuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref23","author":"Cai","year":"","journal-title":"Engineering (Beijing)"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref25","author":"Du","year":"","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.07.030","volume":"254","author":"Nukoolkarn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e79","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref29","author":"Cao","year":"","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006","volume":"107","author":"Blaising","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref31","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"147","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref33","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.060","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030343","volume":"3","author":"Stockman","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200037","volume":"26","author":"Kain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70920-X","volume":"14","author":"Omrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1492-4","volume":"16","author":"Al","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv085","volume":"70","author":"Shalhoub","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000790","volume":"133","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600841013","volume":"84","author":"Ip","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117477","volume":"248","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref47","author":"Beigel","year":"","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA issues emergency use authorization for potential COVID-19 treatment; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment. Accessed May 26, 2020."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/2271257a0","volume":"227","author":"Ullberg","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.05.011","volume":"50","author":"Salman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30415-8","volume":"18","author":"Divala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.02.001","volume":"72","author":"Lalloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06004-4","volume":"358","author":"Klinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.078","volume":"214","author":"Sciascia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10150","volume":"46","author":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"AVIGAN\u00ae (\u30d5\u30a1\u30d3\u30d4\u30e9\u30d3\u30eb\u9320) [prescribing information]. \u5bcc\u58eb\u30d5\u30a4\u30eb\u30e0\u5bcc\u5c71\u5316\u5b66\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e; 2019. Japanese."},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"38","volume":"15","author":"Pasley","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"AIDSinfo. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. NGC. 2012;6(12):363\u2013364."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827fd47e","volume":"63","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"KALETRA\u00ae (lopinavir and ritonavir) tablets and oral solution [prescribing information]. AbbVie Inc; 2019."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91009-J","volume":"337","author":"Maasilta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09010042","volume":"9","author":"Giosu\u00e8","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Fact sheet for health care providers: emergency use authorization (EUA) of remdesivir (GS-5734\u2122); Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/137566\/download. Accessed May 26, 2020."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.17116\/terarkh201789162-71","volume":"89","author":"Bulgakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ter Arkh"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"ARALEN\u00ae (chloroquine phosphate) tablet [prescribing information]. Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; 2018."},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"PLAQUENIL\u00ae (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) tablets [prescribing information]. Concordia Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2018."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0364-1","volume":"55","author":"Madelain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.326","volume":"91","author":"Nyunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005284853","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02282-12","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref71","unstructured":"Uptodate. Chloroquine: drug information. Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/chloroquine-drug-information. Accessed April 10, 2020."},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"182747","volume":"2012","author":"Tailor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"Manuosu\u00ae (arbidol hydrochloride) tablet [prescribing information]. Jiangsu Wuzhong Pharmaceutical group corporation; 2016."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00583-19","volume":"63","author":"Pistolesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3210","volume":"23","author":"Favi\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"ref77","author":"MacLaren","year":"","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1563596","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.03.010","volume":"40","author":"Ghazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2041-z","volume":"36","author":"Wildschut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref81","author":"Vankadari","year":"","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/. Accessed May 31, 2020."}],"container-title":["Drug Design, Development and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=60075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=60075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T21:42:02Z","timestamp":1595886122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/antiviral-agent-therapy-optimization-in-special-populations-of-covid-1-peer-reviewed-article-DDDT"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dddt.s259058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1177-8881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1177-8881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}}}