{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:02:06Z","timestamp":1788580926144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJN"],"DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s276301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1615216378000},"page":"1977-1992","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Formulation and Characterization of Phytostanol Ester Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Management of Hypercholesterolemia: An ex vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-2881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sony Chandi","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-1044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kebreab","family":"Ghebremeskel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-9078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8092-251X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caterina","family":"Minelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-6532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ihab","family":"Tewfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panna","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-2036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sundus","family":"Tewfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). Accessed April 4, 2019."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2012.11.003","volume":"40","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1069-7","volume":"106","author":"Soran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. 2009; pp. 52. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf."},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"S139","volume":"23","author":"Karr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.015","volume":"245","author":"Hovingh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6727-0","volume":"31","author":"Rosenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2016.05.033","volume":"69","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"436","volume":"8","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1714\/2254.24276","volume":"17","author":"Cimminiello","year":"2016","journal-title":"G Ital Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1316","volume":"83","author":"Piironen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043","volume":"232","author":"Gylling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)84424-6","volume":"71","author":"Anderson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200111000-00001","volume":"4","author":"Bouic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-78-19002","volume":"78","author":"Peterson","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/47.1.57","volume":"47","author":"Peterson","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.7.5.696","volume":"7","author":"Pollak","year":"1953","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.7.5.702","volume":"7","author":"Pollak","year":"1953","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.12.2109","volume":"129","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706970","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/706970","volume":"2015","author":"Rosin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cholesterol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.018","volume":"225","author":"Plat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63144-3","volume":"78","author":"Katan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v52i0.1811","volume":"52","author":"Abumweis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0297-x","volume":"52","author":"Demonty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719683","volume":"27","author":"Naumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.103481","volume":"139","author":"Plat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Cantrill R, Kawamura Y. Phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters, chemical and technical assessment. 69th Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives. 2008;1\u201313."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13764","volume":"174","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108319","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA20675A","volume":"6","author":"Ubeyitogullaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2019.02.003","volume":"74","author":"Plat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091262","volume":"10","author":"Trautwein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"British Dietetic Association. Food fact sheet, stanols and sterols. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.bda.uk.com\/foodfacts\/PlantStanolsAndSterols.pdf. Accessed February 02, 2018."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7238.861","volume":"320","author":"Law","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Speiser P Lipid nano pellets as drug carriers for oral administration. European Patent EP0167825A2. 1986 Jan 15."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26777","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03491F","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0856-6","volume":"69","author":"Galvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"512","volume":"37","author":"Ventola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.027","volume":"129","author":"Leong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1039\/B911371A","volume":"6","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1208\/pt050456","volume":"5","author":"T\u00fcrk","year":"2004","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2834941","volume":"2834941","author":"Battaglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nanomater"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940170017","volume":"40","author":"Christiansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.2.392","volume":"61","author":"Denke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)90052-3","volume":"105","author":"Miettinen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Ostlund RE. Sitostanol formulation to reduce cholesterol absorption and method for preparing and use of same. United States patent US 5,932,562. 1999."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.826","volume":"70","author":"Ostlund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-003-0406-6","volume":"42","author":"Pouteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0039-8","volume":"8","author":"Trautwein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Gasco MR. Method for producing solid lipid microspheres having a narrow size distribution. United States patent 5250236. 1993."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"National Center for Bioechnology Information. Stearic acid, PubChem CID=5281. 2004 Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Stearic-acid. Accessed August 18, 2019."},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Palmitic acid, PubChem CID=985. 2004. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/985. Accessed August 18, 2019."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Lauric acid, PubChem CID=3893. 2004. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/3893. Accessed August 9, 2019."},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization. Phytosterols, Phytostanols and their esters. Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. 2008;65\u201370."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.50.153","volume":"50","author":"Shapiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Oleo Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2013.860502","volume":"22","author":"Nandini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3390\/nano4040905","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"USP 29\u2013NF 24. The United States pharmacopeia: the National Formulary: USP 29 NF 24. Rockville, MD: Powder flow; 2006:1174."},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"American Type Culture Collection. Hep G2 [HEPG2] (ATCC\u00ae HB? 8065TM). 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.lgcstandards-atcc.org\/products\/all\/HB-8065.aspx?geo_country=gb. Accessed March 30, 2019."},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"American Type Culture Collection. HT-29 (ATCC\u00ae HTB-38TM). 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.lgcstandards-atcc.org\/en\/Products\/All\/HTB-38.aspx. Accessed March 30, 2019."},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Biochemistry, Biology, and Medicine","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.11.005","volume":"221","author":"Molina-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/s0939-6411(00)00087-4","volume":"50","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"80","volume":"2","author":"Ekambaram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rev Chem Commun"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"102","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chem Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23773","volume":"103","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21270","volume":"97","author":"Prokop","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.12.001","volume":"20","author":"Schiener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR - code of federal regulations title 21 food and drugs. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1505. Accessed November 05, 2019"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Microemulsions: Systems, Properties & Applications","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S54413","volume":"9","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.5.1146","volume":"77","author":"Mensink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000510","volume":"136","author":"Sacks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3160847","volume":"316","author":"Bruce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.04.008","volume":"105","author":"Allman-Farinelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000871","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000871","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Carr TP. Compound and method for enhancing the cholesterol lowering property of plant sterol and stanol esters. United States patent 0085451. 2005 Mar 17."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-72","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"23","volume":"2","author":"Panakanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/951016","volume":"951016","author":"Raju","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref80","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"NanoWorld J"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"59","volume":"25","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Sci"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.06.034","volume":"510","author":"Kalaycioglue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloid Surf A"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"4","volume":"5","author":"Biswas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Nat Sci-Nanosci"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"Soybean- Applications and Technology","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4622(94)00136-8","volume":"54","author":"Fillery-Travis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys Chem"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S62630","volume":"9","author":"Omwoyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(98)00092-1","volume":"168","author":"Freitas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.031","volume":"182","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2014.47.8.153","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2016.06.008","volume":"200","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.029","volume":"140","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.036343","volume":"285","author":"Br\u00fcll","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.481","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref94","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Rhodamine 123, PubChem CID=65218. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Rhodamine-123. Accessed August 9, 2019."},{"key":"ref95","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Campestanol, PubChem CID: 119394. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Campestanol. Accessed August 9, 2019."},{"key":"ref96","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Sitostanol, PubChem CID: 15559396. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Fucostanol. Accessed August 9, 2019."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15309b","volume":"41","author":"Canton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.03.032","volume":"430","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S182621","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901158","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nanomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=67437","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/getfile.php?fileID=67437","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T15:13:39Z","timestamp":1615216419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/formulation-and-characterization-of-phytostanol-ester-solid-lipid-nano-peer-reviewed-article-IJN"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":100,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.s276301","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-2013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-2013","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}