{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:59:09Z","timestamp":1772002749711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJN"],"DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s582965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:00:15Z","timestamp":1771999215000},"page":"1-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current Advancements in the Arsenal for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Novel Drug Formulations"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3301-2238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saiqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-9961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingchuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102598","volume":"103","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.10.006","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Transl"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.04.001","volume":"102","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.08.032","volume":"420","author":"Kawabata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8","volume":"16","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.049","volume":"219","author":"Rambhia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.08.012","volume":"59","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.12.013","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006484","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006484","volume":"17","author":"Oroojalian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0715-4","volume":"17","author":"Sweis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/s1529-9430(01)00029-8","volume":"2","author":"Carlson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1180-8","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.007","volume":"4","author":"Kwon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J off J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00002","volume":"24","author":"Dumont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084101","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1084101","volume":"13","author":"Sterner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.001","volume":"158","author":"Ankeny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.08.020","volume":"6","author":"Granger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0150-2","volume":"11","author":"Neirinckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.11.E2","volume":"25","author":"Rowland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.345","volume":"23","author":"McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.02.012","volume":"63","author":"Figley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00562-y","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90608","volume":"127","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.83732","volume":"2","author":"Leal-Filho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.1.61","volume":"60","author":"Schurch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900002m","volume":"3","author":"Farokhzad","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Publications"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115842","volume":"25","author":"Petrovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c14902","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08662","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144400","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01062-5","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122704","volume":"634","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160669","volume":"507","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270012","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.70012","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.73386","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18562","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c06991","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02916-4","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S128848","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137227","volume":"446","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100546","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502795","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202502795","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.08.077","volume":"152","author":"Ciciriello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132118","volume":"428","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00140","volume":"52","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9752","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-023-5588-z","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412526","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412526","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122358","volume":"303","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101758","volume":"32","author":"Mai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.159097","volume":"505","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02594-2","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Neuroscience","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkae013","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae013","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-021-00623-6","volume":"23","author":"Karamian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol off J Ital Soc Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200800541","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.109181","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.02.034","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421547","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202421547","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137882","volume":"450","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.06.030","volume":"202","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303462","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303462","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e981","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.981","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB00841F","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.148264","volume":"481","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214804","volume":"336","author":"Seliktar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.01.027","volume":"88","author":"Gyles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Polym J"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786475","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/786475","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.9","volume":"17","author":"Yatim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.020","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.10.113","volume":"679","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142192","volume":"462","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122400","volume":"305","author":"Doulames","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2024.08.001","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Mater Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25155","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04341","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155301","volume":"498","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144629","volume":"316","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49028-w","volume":"9","author":"Householder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122002","volume":"295","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422906","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202422906","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac014","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2022.101506","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Mater Today"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110670","volume":"217","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2023.006","volume":"46","author":"Sussman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404563","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202404563","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.12.048","volume":"158","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.015","volume":"155","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163575","volume":"515","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202401407","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02474537","volume":"5","author":"Geddes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S436111","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.05.039","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10112309","volume":"10","author":"Ahamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomater Basel Switz"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2023.07.014","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101805","volume":"32","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01396-8","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1039\/d3tb02160b","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c07265","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Nano Mater"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.09.019","volume":"22","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02978-4","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122995","volume":"316","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405054","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202405054","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302044","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302044","volume":"10","author":"Sang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020407","volume":"19","author":"Qasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00690","volume":"120","author":"Gelain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.12.030","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.102584","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122161","volume":"299","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"The Human Central Nervous System","year":"2008","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-34686-9_6"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157969","volume":"502","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16513","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05818","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25591","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09892","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.01.021","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22928","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08046","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","volume":"4","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00576-0","volume":"24","author":"Dixson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.02.010","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10015","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b01892","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.018","volume":"126","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.10.027","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.07.002","volume":"25","author":"Ran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.11.011","volume":"23","author":"Rong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X667709","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081872","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.134465","volume":"433","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01724-y","volume":"20","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.11.013","volume":"33","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18008","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04423","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05607-4","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304648","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304648","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04486","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504486","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.03.010","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8464","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46080499","volume":"46","author":"Matsuzaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-01995-0","volume":"13","author":"Stepankova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2021.111111","volume":"102","author":"Surdyka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnologia"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20112-4","volume":"12","author":"Leibinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00850-9","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi6412","volume":"381","author":"Squair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00701-y","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-01975-2","volume":"22","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092176","volume":"13","author":"Raciti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000446697","volume":"202","author":"Khaing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1021\/ma2004234","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.219029","volume":"12","author":"Vigani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807533","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.807533","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02051-6","volume":"21","author":"Zhiguo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.01.003","volume":"44","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114102","volume":"354","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01848","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.751372","volume":"10","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.01.005","volume":"299","author":"Ilinskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref157","unstructured":"Sammasagi SS, Sutar KP, Hooli S. Scale-up and quality control challenges in the industrial manufacturing of nanoformulations: current trends and future perspectives."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.03.026","volume":"302","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00447","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211066","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1211066","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11070497","volume":"11","author":"Rotaru-Zavaleanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931800","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.931800","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbab069","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbab069","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2016-0017","volume":"7","author":"Stoddard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107683","volume":"115","author":"Purohit","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.100944","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Chem"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323054","volume":"135","author":"Rai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051262","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847444","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.847444","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7413","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.377413","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.182698","volume":"11","author":"Tosolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.07.012","volume":"22","author":"Batty","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1535676019899502","volume":"25","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf J Am Biol Saf Assoc"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmed.2025.1709095","volume":"5","author":"Kowshik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Mol Med"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.347941","volume":"18","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.360241","volume":"18","author":"Davleeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nanomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/112416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/112416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:00:19Z","timestamp":1771999219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/current-advancements-in-the-arsenal-for-spinal-cord-injury-repair-nove-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":177,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.s582965","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-2013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-2013","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}