{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:41:34Z","timestamp":1790628094672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJN"],"DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s583242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T07:00:13Z","timestamp":1774854013000},"page":"1-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Engineering the Future: Strategic Advances in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 21","author":[{"given":"Xiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-4152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv084","volume":"65","author":"Zaborowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12144","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12144","volume":"10","author":"Couch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030538","volume":"18","author":"H Rashed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34997-9","volume":"166","author":"Chargaff","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(81)90512-5","volume":"645","author":"Trams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1161","volume":"183","author":"Raposo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20389","volume":"2","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.161","volume":"21","author":"Mizrak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69885","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119925","volume":"242","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04397","volume":"13","author":"Morad","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7282","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b03584","volume":"140","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-374793","volume":"121","author":"Ismail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Preservation and Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Applications - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29181730\/. Accessed March 16, 2025."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.03.033","volume":"207","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","volume":"29","author":"Alvarez-Erviti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E968","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521230113","volume":"113","author":"Kowal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111394","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03555-8","volume":"22","author":"Machado","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2567","volume":"9","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb0322s30","volume":"Chapter 3","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25011","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.25011","volume":"3","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"The influence of rotor type and centrifugation time on the yield and purity of extracellular vesicles - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24678386\/. Accessed June 8, 2025."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-289-2_13","volume":"784","author":"Rani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.01.002","volume":"56","author":"Tauro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods San Diego Calif"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.18097\/PBMC20186401023","volume":"64","author":"Shtam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomeditsinskaia Khimiia"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57497-7","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063759","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70045","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70045","volume":"14","author":"Obi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155628","volume":"129","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int J Phytother Phytopharm"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00031","volume":"96","author":"Vaidya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462210","volume":"1649","author":"Gagnon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01994-z","volume":"23","author":"Ou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal CCS"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.11.3791","volume":"94","author":"Heijnen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.12.028","volume":"278","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7309","volume":"166","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10963","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207550200","volume":"278","author":"Wubbolts","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.7.2573","volume":"91","author":"Rabesandratana","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.82939","volume":"7","author":"Chandrasekera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215324","volume":"14","author":"Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Small extracellular vesicles isolation and separation: current techniques, pending questions and clinical applications - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36185597\/. Accessed February 8, 2025."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194780","volume":"20","author":"Otani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122604","volume":"1169","author":"Stam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.02.004","volume":"124","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9004","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169004","volume":"23","author":"Theel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8040-0","volume":"406","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12044","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12044","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks656","volume":"40","author":"Palma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"The profiles of microRNAs from urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) prepared by various isolation methods and their correlation with serum EV microRNAs - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31987752\/. Accessed February 7, 2025."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.095760","volume":"86","author":"Aalberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29917","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c03993","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00078","volume":"5","author":"Welsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03071-y","volume":"76","author":"Mongui\u00f3-Tortajada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068216651035","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Lab Autom"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.09.016","volume":"241","author":"Ingato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114535","volume":"190","author":"Yom-Tov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13247","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713247","volume":"24","author":"Danilushkina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0102","volume":"11","author":"Hood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01462-1","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.04.009","volume":"369","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404945r","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03809-8","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.621383","volume":"290","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12196","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12196","volume":"11","author":"Whitley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70018","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70018","volume":"13","author":"Sul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.05.048","volume":"177","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2018.02.001","volume":"1862","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1039\/d0tb00744g","volume":"8","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12057","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12057","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.042","volume":"326","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6790","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01315","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21933","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21933","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.05.013","volume":"57","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27441","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b06464","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.001","volume":"334","author":"Emam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01019-4","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12324","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12324","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70098","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70098","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114068","author":"Dave","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1021\/nn402232g","volume":"7","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.057","volume":"365","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50993a","volume":"14","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.11.029","volume":"205","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.11.011","volume":"23","author":"Rong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks463","volume":"40","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.037","volume":"238","author":"van Rooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-016-0457-4","volume":"9","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Bioeng"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.08.014","volume":"172","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.006","volume":"364","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.30716","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.09.011","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07060","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01219-2","volume":"19","author":"Raghav","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.12","volume":"38","author":"Luan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119675","volume":"231","author":"Le Saux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04005-7","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00423.2016","volume":"312","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010100","volume":"26","author":"Grzelka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2014.00012","volume":"1","author":"Luengo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1801271","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801271","volume":"8","author":"Haney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082042","volume":"15","author":"Koh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.02.011","volume":"110","author":"Falcinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010024","volume":"13","author":"Chandler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.164","volume":"19","author":"Zhuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123090","volume":"641","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eads5249","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads5249","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865682","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.865682","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801032","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801032","volume":"28","author":"Ying","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101560","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00343","volume":"60","author":"Ai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22659","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c07811","volume":"145","author":"Cruz-Samperio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.043","volume":"76","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0517-8","volume":"17","author":"V\u00e1zquez-R\u00edos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27501","volume":"62","author":"Martinez-Lostao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922301","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.922301","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081079","volume":"17","author":"Jacob","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.06.029","volume":"178","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.08.013","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.08.027","volume":"264","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447536","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1447536","volume":"15","author":"Umar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S525394","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad010","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad010","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705676","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.705676","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05034-x","volume":"13","author":"Kou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121605","volume":"8","author":"Harrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1663","volume":"33","author":"Grange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.01.022","volume":"852","author":"wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0453-6","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0116","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0386","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.030","volume":"64","author":"Nojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr015","volume":"26","author":"Gatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001395","volume":"160","author":"Shiue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04390-7","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00430-3","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106718","volume":"190","author":"Gibello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.020","volume":"72","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.10.002","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.1","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70068","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70068","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18752","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00299-w","volume":"20","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12490","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12490","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122894","volume":"315","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01214-6","volume":"8","author":"Wiklander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70044","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c05847","volume":"18","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.93","volume":"17","author":"Warner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2559","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2174\/156800907780006922","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958-1669(00)00149-x","volume":"11","author":"McCormick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0068-3","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2399","volume":"7","author":"Leader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cs00008e","volume":"47","author":"Scaletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34412","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14576","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b00893","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref162","unstructured":"Mesenchymal stem cells as natural biofactories for exosomes carrying miR-124a in the treatment of gliomas - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29016843\/. Accessed August 30, 2025."},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.8","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12255","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12255","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78426","volume":"13","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.042","volume":"351","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122242","volume":"301","author":"Nguyen Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05978-4","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.03.023","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.044","volume":"354","author":"Nguyen Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.65516","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.031","volume":"365","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01657-4","volume":"8","author":"Iyaswamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.036","volume":"345","author":"Rehman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.026","volume":"353","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1039\/d4lc01103a","volume":"25","author":"Piunti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.02.018","volume":"161","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105458","volume":"25","author":"Corrado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155350","volume":"139","author":"Milbank","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2210579","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210579","volume":"35","author":"Salazar-Puerta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater Deerfield Beach Fla"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.04.004","volume":"159","author":"Elsharkasy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.07.020","volume":"349","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.01.009","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12262","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12262","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206606","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206606","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.016","volume":"345","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59377-y","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3802","volume":"35","author":"Dowdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109381","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1109381","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05398-0","volume":"13","author":"Bontempi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.82873","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00989-w","volume":"7","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.01.026","volume":"343","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2002070","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002070","volume":"11","author":"Born","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2205692","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205692","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01142-x","volume":"8","author":"Stranford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2407619","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407619","volume":"11","author":"Zickler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S511842","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03308-y","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70298","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70298","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114704","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.01.013","volume":"41","author":"Cam\u00f5es","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01774-3","volume":"20","author":"Carney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65623-y","volume":"14","author":"Biagiotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2024.10.005","volume":"26","author":"Gopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00927","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02470-z","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101330","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123282","volume":"321","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39021","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c06862","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.07.049","volume":"195","author":"Van der Meel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2971","volume":"12","author":"Kay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-020-00208-1","volume":"9","author":"Urits","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05096-6","volume":"9","author":"Wesselhoeft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S172291","volume":"15","author":"Dangouloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17409-9","volume":"11","author":"McKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107454","volume":"385","author":"Gillmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.12.006","volume":"25","author":"Ruan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.73","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14030","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b08369","volume":"138","author":"Bujold","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101224","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101224","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Weinh Bergstr Ger"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36156-1","volume":"14","author":"Parsons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.111","volume":"48","author":"Eid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2103481","volume":"384","author":"Meisel","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba7365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba7365","volume":"367","author":"Stadtmauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12135-2","volume":"106","author":"Rajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01904-5","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01851-7","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102654","volume":"61","author":"Liyanage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref231","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2014;2014(987):1\u2013266, backcover."},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020206","volume":"13","author":"Aldosari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011115","volume":"19","author":"Del Poeta","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7013e3","volume":"70","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169924","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01699-24","volume":"98","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.01.005","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476144","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2025.2476144","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.131","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00403","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416756","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00387-y","volume":"21","author":"Lang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010150","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010150","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202419182","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater Deerfield Beach Fla"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500021","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci Weinh Baden-Wurtt Ger"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121992","volume":"293","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47446","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1039\/c5nr08463f","volume":"8","author":"Raeesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11026","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ra00834a","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.013","volume":"195","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03404-z","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c00103","volume":"7","author":"Giulimondi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2410975","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202410975","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Weinh Bergstr Ger"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12458","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12458","volume":"13","author":"Van Delen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20360","volume":"2","author":"Witwer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12364","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12364","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400390","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202400390","volume":"34","author":"Weerakkody","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18419","DOI":"10.1039\/d4sc05518g","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000508712","volume":"48","author":"Torres Crigna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemotherapy Off Organ Dtsch Ges Transfusionsmedizin Immunhamatologie"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2024.08.007","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080829","volume":"14","author":"Burgelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.019","volume":"41","author":"Okoye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12127","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12127","volume":"10","author":"Budden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04317-z","volume":"12","author":"Shlomovitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00899-0","volume":"22","author":"Marar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.045","volume":"128","author":"Huber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378056","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1378056","volume":"6","author":"Menck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0682-0","volume":"40","author":"Buz\u00e1s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055700","volume":"36","author":"Lindenbergh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s596","volume":"3","author":"De Jong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12305","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12305","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref273","unstructured":"Extracellular vesicle manufacture via FACTORY: fully automated collection technology and optimum machinery for clinical translational applications - PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40750491\/. Accessed September 6, 2025."},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2020_286","volume":"2286","author":"Andriolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107925","volume":"220","author":"Del Saz-Lara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c01168","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123271","volume":"320","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104701","volume":"210","author":"Noury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00075","volume":"11","author":"Sanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203567","volume":"12","author":"Aram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02765-2","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm Sci Tech"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03952-4","volume":"24","author":"Tiwari","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Nanomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/113622","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/113622","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T07:00:18Z","timestamp":1774854018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/engineering-the-future-strategic-advances-in-extracellular-vesicle-med-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":282,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.s583242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-2013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-2013","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}