{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:59:34Z","timestamp":1792033174612,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIR"],"DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s540840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:30:11Z","timestamp":1762936211000},"page":"15859-15873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pyoderma Gangrenosum and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Recent Insights into Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-4971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katelyn","family":"Downey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0299-1057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-9269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex","family":"Ortega-Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0213-x","volume":"6","author":"Maverakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05999-4","volume":"65","author":"States","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03199.x","volume":"23","author":"Ruocco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13584","volume":"56","author":"Kechichian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12990","volume":"34","author":"Schoch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.05.006","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.009","volume":"73","author":"Brodell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.02.007","volume":"79","author":"Kaffenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02278-z","volume":"315","author":"Shaigany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.5978","volume":"154","author":"Ashchyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2286","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2286","volume":"7","author":"Belinch\u00f3n-Romero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2024.07.014","volume":"100","author":"Salviano","year":"2025","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12463","volume":"13","author":"Jockenh\u00f6fer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12791","volume":"14","author":"Jockenh\u00f6fer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20474","volume":"185","author":"Ben Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1786849","volume":"55","author":"Kridin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000512931","volume":"237","author":"Kridin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2025.103364","volume":"152","author":"Bar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13591","volume":"56","author":"Vacas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13937","volume":"44","author":"Inoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.044","volume":"75","author":"Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E693","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14707","volume":"88","author":"Toh","year":"2018","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001869","volume":"32","author":"Waljee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03119-5","volume":"316","author":"Schroeder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4195-1","volume":"61","author":"Card","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15676","volume":"48","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200363","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041019","volume":"13","author":"Vernero","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.55519\/JAMC-03-13956","volume":"36","author":"Ghani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-015-0598-8","volume":"34","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230165","author":"da","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Assoc M\u00e9dica Bras"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.15388\/Amed.2024.31.1.23","volume":"31","author":"Jonaityt\u0117","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Medica Litu"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.200330.001","volume":"10","author":"Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000429","volume":"21","author":"Vavricka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Giraudo","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enfermedades Dig","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2020.7431\/2020"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2360-5099","volume":"62","author":"Dietmaier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Z F\u00fcr Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12370","volume":"79","author":"Yousif","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e278","volume":"36","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15538","volume":"41","author":"Afarideh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061311","volume":"10","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2958","author":"Ormerod","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_505_18","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008","DOI":"10.1097\/PG9.0000000000000008","volume":"1","author":"Vaidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPGN Rep"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15766","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.065","volume":"80","author":"de Risi-Pugliese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"75","volume":"16","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab176","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21555","volume":"33","author":"Nomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Apheresis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502016001300005","volume":"31 Suppl 1","author":"Feitosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6628142","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6628142","volume":"2021","author":"Feitosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2018.1527998","volume":"30","author":"Satta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091755","volume":"12","author":"Fanizzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338244","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2338244","volume":"56","author":"hertz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03736-0","volume":"317","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S264812","volume":"13","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx158","volume":"12","author":"Vavricka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2020.100071","volume":"3","author":"Saternus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12585","volume":"40","author":"Zeeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19935","volume":"38","author":"Sugiura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14534","volume":"31","author":"Flora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148893","author":"Jatana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.110","volume":"52","author":"Toledo-Maurino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15347346221141173","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346221141173","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17703","volume":"64","author":"Dawood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03442-x","volume":"316","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14568","volume":"19","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol JDDG"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01309","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001309","volume":"11","author":"Zaher","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000763","volume":"48","author":"Toyoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs off Publ Wound Ostomy Cont Nurses Soc"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"Korman N. An open label single center pilot study investigating the clinical response and mechanism of action of infliximab in the treatment of adults with inflammatory bowel disease who have moderate to severe pyoderma gangrenosum. clinicaltrials.gov; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00791557. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Research J, Development LLC. A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ustekinumab induction therapy in subjects with moderately to severely active crohn\u2019s disease who have failed or are intolerant to tnf antagonist therapy (UNITI-1). Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01369329. Accessed September 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref71","unstructured":"Research J, Development LLC. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ustekinumab induction therapy in subjects with moderately to severely active crohn\u2019s disease (UNITI-2). Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01369342. Accessed September 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.025","volume":"20","author":"Sandborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"Ormerod DA. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for treatment of cutaneous crohn\u2019s disease. clinicaltrials.gov; 2010. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01233570. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.04.012","volume":"8","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.07.013","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim. Proof-of-Concept Study of BI 655130 add-on treatment in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis during tnf inhibitor therapy. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03123120. Accessed September 22, 2025."},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim. A Phase II&III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of BI655130 (SPESOLIMAB) Induction Therapy in Patients With Moderate-to-Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Have Failed Previous Biologics Therapy. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03482635. Accessed September 22, 2025."},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim. Mechanism of Action and Clinical Effect of BI 655130 in Patients With Fistulizing Crohn\u2019s Disease. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03752970. Accessed September 22, 2025."},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim. A Multi-Centre, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Spesolimab (BI 655130) in Adult Patients With Ulcerative Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG) Who Require Systemic Therapy. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06624670. Accessed September 22, 2025."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.08.038","volume":"91","author":"Haddadin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/108838","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/108838","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:30:13Z","timestamp":1762936213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/pyoderma-gangrenosum-and-inflammatory-bowel-disease-recent-insights-in-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":80,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.s540840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-7031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-7031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}