{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:03:48Z","timestamp":1791644628484,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIR"],"DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s552261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:55:13Z","timestamp":1773406513000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists for the Treatment of Difficult-to-Treat and Severe Asthma: A Narrative Review Focusing on Inflammation from Bench to Bedside"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0456-069X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luigino","family":"Calzetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-7959","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gian Marco","family":"Manzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pistocchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Federico","family":"Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Gholamalishahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4895-9707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mario","family":"Cazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-5040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"Rogliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2025 GINA strategy report - Global Initiative For Asthma - GINA n.d. Available from: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/2025-gina-strategy-report\/. Accessed July 10, 2025."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016","volume":"184","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00576","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021","volume":"8","author":"Maspero","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1232","volume":"96","author":"Barnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.07.012","volume":"118","author":"Cockcroft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.11.030","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2023.100135","author":"Chiarella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(86)90002-1","volume":"80","author":"Warren","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma \u2013 GINA 2024 GINA main report Available from: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/2024-report\/ Accessed 10 July 2025."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"2024 Severe Asthma Guide - Global Initiative for Asthma - GINA n.d. Available from: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/severe-asthma\/. Accessed July 10, 2025."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"e40159","volume":"189","author":"Hekking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2757","volume":"319","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1008770","volume":"363","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32215-9","volume":"394","author":"Virchow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30190-9","volume":"8","author":"Kerstjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30389-1","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106021","volume":"170","author":"Gessner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S336304","volume":"14","author":"Rogliani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7872","volume":"325","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004233","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04233-2020","volume":"58","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2366991","volume":"25","author":"Laitano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09760","volume":"8","author":"Calzetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/ALL.16436","volume":"80","author":"Agache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.12.020","volume":"128","author":"Muiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2025.2527700","volume":"22","author":"Rogliani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.004580","volume":"64","author":"Cazzola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00004-4","volume":"98","author":"Coulson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.7.613","volume":"53","author":"Costello","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90310-Y","volume":"52","author":"Barnes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.6.1559","volume":"141","author":"Mak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Amer Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2004.03.001","volume":"17","author":"Rack\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.050","volume":"533","author":"Rack\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2008.02.003","volume":"21","author":"Matera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210196","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0196-2021","volume":"31","author":"Calzetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/7.3.344","volume":"7","author":"Mak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-895x(25)09592-6","volume":"38","author":"Lazareno","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00166956","volume":"342","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1006\/pupt.2001.0313","volume":"14","author":"Wessler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.85.11","volume":"85","author":"Fujii","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.69.10.2995","volume":"69","author":"Strom","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1164\/AJRCCM.162.2.9911094","volume":"162","author":"Reinheimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1164\/AJRCCM.156.2.96-12079","volume":"156","author":"Reinheimer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00892.x","volume":"60","author":"Profita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2133.2000.03290.X","volume":"142","author":"Hagforsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L466","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1992.262.4.l466","volume":"262","author":"Koyama","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.5.1528","volume":"84","author":"Koyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1210\/EN.2003-1728","volume":"145","author":"Proskocil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1165\/RCMB.2005-0326OC","volume":"34","author":"Kanefsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90589-4","volume":"153","author":"Roffel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2012.12.006","volume":"26","author":"Cazzola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S259330","volume":"12","author":"Ora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s003950170003","volume":"96","author":"Brodde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701247","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01247-2017","volume":"52","author":"Gosens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmer.2025.101157","volume":"87","author":"Mahay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrmex.2019.100009","volume":"1","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med X"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90312-Q","volume":"52","author":"Disse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.215","volume":"54","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470","volume":"330","author":"Casarosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12118","volume":"76","author":"Bartels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.202051","volume":"345","author":"Salmon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-013-0088-7","volume":"33","author":"Cahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"NCT04609878 study to assess PT010 in adult and adolescent participants with inadequately controlled asthma (KALOS). Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT046098782025. Accessed February 27, 2026."},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Wise R. NCT04609904 study to assess pt010 in adult and adolescent participants with inadequately controlled asthma (LOGOS). Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT046099042025. Accessed February 27, 2026."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00347-2024","volume":"64","author":"Trinkmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref65","author":"Gessner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082320","volume":"13","author":"Carpagnano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16272","volume":"181","author":"Calzetta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2015.11.004","volume":"36","author":"Cazzola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.1164\/AJRCCM.158.SUPPLEMENT_2.13TAC130","volume":"158","author":"Rabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0770-7","volume":"19","author":"Calzetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14909","volume":"177","author":"Rogliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105801","volume":"172","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S23695","volume":"6","author":"Asano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J COPD"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.03.031","volume":"152","author":"Anzalone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.034","volume":"192","author":"Albano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.s11737","volume":"5","author":"Asano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2013.11.001","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-24","volume":"12","author":"Vacca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.07.025","volume":"72","author":"Pahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.03.001","volume":"16","author":"Kummer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14766","volume":"76","author":"Cazzola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.11.005","volume":"36","author":"Kistemaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200376","volume":"67","author":"Milara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702585","volume":"127","author":"Chiba","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370740","volume":"416","author":"Ozaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004977","volume":"355","author":"Klapproth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00374272","volume":"427","author":"Acevedo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136710","volume":"39","author":"Koarai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-73","volume":"7","author":"Gosens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.06.01","volume":"2","author":"Saracino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.007","volume":"115","author":"Gwilt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00177-7","volume":"129","author":"Ricci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14836","volume":"76","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe3218","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd0359","volume":"6","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2026.2620337","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.894047","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2002.00377.x","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000151729","volume":"76","author":"Iesato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2025.05.011","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12881","volume":"47","author":"Pavord","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-019-00109-1","volume":"6","author":"Rogliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301619","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01619-2023","volume":"63","author":"Varricchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.10011114","volume":"24","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARBRES.2024.09.007","volume":"61","author":"Tiotiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106915","volume":"200","author":"Cazzola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.5.rsaa-5","volume":"157","author":"Roche","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2014.6.5.376","volume":"6","author":"Usmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00132404","volume":"25","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pas.0000000000000777","volume":"41","author":"Bittar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2023.2185894","volume":"60","author":"Sagmen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1567","volume":"131","author":"Van Der Wiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.10.018","volume":"117","author":"Barnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2021.0046","volume":"35","author":"Usmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106639","volume":"189","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.026","volume":"117","author":"Liccardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00818.2009","volume":"108","author":"Ritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01231-0","volume":"19","author":"Haddad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000756","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000756","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202402-0368OC","volume":"211","author":"Bloom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202409-1788LE","volume":"211","author":"Rogliani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315285","volume":"23","author":"Calzetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/113037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/113037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:55:19Z","timestamp":1773406519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/long-acting-muscarinic-antagonists-for-the-treatment-of-difficult-to-t-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":122,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.s552261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-7031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-7031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}