{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:06:07Z","timestamp":1780041967969,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JIR"],"DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s606875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1780041026000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toll-Like Receptors in Diabetes: Immunometabolic Mechanisms and Emerging Precision Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1434-1359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0115-8710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saber","family":"Khederzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00738-6","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030490","volume":"14","author":"Spano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031308","volume":"23","author":"Kotlyarov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04260-9","volume":"477","author":"Mallick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593096","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1593096","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30125","volume":"236","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020130","volume":"13","author":"Sosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06445-z","volume":"68","author":"Al\u00e9n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1593245","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2321281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21281","volume":"6","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14640","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14640","volume":"38","author":"McGlacken-Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12539","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212539","volume":"22","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251378007","volume":"108","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040520","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264889","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1264889","volume":"14","author":"Stierschneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2024.16","volume":"5","author":"Cerrotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.09.004","volume":"55","author":"Mitrofanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101289","volume":"53","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2741\/4917","volume":"26","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00378-0","volume":"20","author":"Grun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661037","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1661037","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00855-8","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2304845","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304845","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00444-2","volume":"26","author":"Schultz","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000883","volume":"27","author":"Verdonk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126396","volume":"23","author":"Mohd Nor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165688","volume":"1866","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-081820-092427","volume":"90","author":"von Zastrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900949","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900949","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S406483","volume":"17","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27569","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027569","volume":"100","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223176","volume":"12","author":"Kung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70262","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70262","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030619","volume":"11","author":"\u015amiechowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931473","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931473","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61779-9","volume":"14","author":"Sabarathinam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569579","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1569579","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70099","volume":"292","author":"Guler Kara","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01792-2","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00843-4","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732192","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.732192","volume":"9","author":"Le Noci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01193-1","volume":"46","author":"Jobe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02565-y","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.8","volume":"5","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23695","volume":"68","author":"McDonough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mocell.2025.100216","volume":"48","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020198","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020272","volume":"16","author":"Biagioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84574-y","volume":"15","author":"Cheung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0596-8","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02220-z","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070829","volume":"14","author":"Wisowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010011","volume":"14","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626708","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1626708","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567994","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567994","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127252","volume":"253","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103412","volume":"22","author":"Spinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241755","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1241755","volume":"14","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0328022","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03280-22","volume":"14","author":"Dopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl240380","volume":"19","author":"Minaga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107439","volume":"94","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198962","volume":"323","author":"Aktar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16529","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-022-01218-6","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122242","volume":"335","author":"Facci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2016.09.001","volume":"43","author":"Uchoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47100842","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02496-8","volume":"22","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407370","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407370","volume":"11","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171886","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1171886","volume":"14","author":"Rabinovitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.09.013","volume":"170","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2201989","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201989","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474012","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1474012","volume":"16","author":"\u00c9vora","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00806-x","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01282-3","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111667","volume":"211","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabet Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2147\/PGPM.S487091","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmgenomics Pers Med"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30990","volume":"72","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0163","volume":"20","author":"Billings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-2886","volume":"48","author":"Rewers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63546-4","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e395","volume":"38","author":"Khanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-155-OR","volume":"73","author":"Michalek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01792-8","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0451","volume":"74","author":"Rosoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"E15665232353811","volume":"25","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01846-x","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579036","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.579036","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.02.017","volume":"142","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153197","volume":"69","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46873","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.149","volume":"17","author":"Mangan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.11.002","volume":"370","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341985","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1341985","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102793","volume":"13","author":"Smok-Kalwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2024.100782","volume":"4","author":"Tseng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584088","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S584088","volume":"19","author":"Canli","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Pain Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/115794","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/115794","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1780041027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/toll-like-receptors-in-diabetes-immunometabolic-mechanisms-and-emergin-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.s606875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-7031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-7031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}}}