{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:45:06Z","timestamp":1791542706357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPR"],"DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s535261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T11:00:13Z","timestamp":1761303613000},"page":"5555-5565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chemonucleolysis for Lumbar Disc Herniation: History and Current State of the Technology"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-7730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy","family":"Deer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Macadaeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Copenhaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-5515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boyle","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Candido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2482-7569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pragya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8340-696X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas","family":"Beall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3180bc2431","volume":"32","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39223.428495.BE","volume":"334","author":"Koes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.003","volume":"14","author":"Kreiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1512658","volume":"374","author":"Deyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","volume":"2009","author":"Jordan","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"S27","volume":"24","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31826f9a52","volume":"29","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3355-2","volume":"24","author":"Hider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00171.x","volume":"8","author":"Raj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155412464638","volume":"60","author":"Couchman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808401800702","volume":"18","author":"Einarson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Drug Intell Clin Pharm"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.04.022","volume":"14","author":"Fardon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.s12270","volume":"3","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400602","volume":"340","author":"Vroomen","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.264","volume":"18","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.034","volume":"19","author":"Koltsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070730","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070730","volume":"381","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.FOCUS15281","volume":"39","author":"Shriver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06389-5","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4255-6","volume":"43","author":"Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00878","volume":"93","author":"Rihn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3505-1","volume":"473","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.08.003","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2024.27.401","volume":"27","author":"Beall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.08.006","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.42.4.0374","volume":"42","author":"Watts","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03060150061016","volume":"187","author":"Smith","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1973.39.2.0203","volume":"39","author":"Parkinson","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000234","volume":"10","author":"Simmons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330420035030","volume":"249","author":"Javid","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200211002-00017","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.14444\/3044","volume":"10","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198805000-00022","volume":"13","author":"Dabezies","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198411000-00008","volume":"9","author":"Fraser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62792-8","volume":"14","author":"Schol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Determination that chymopapain 10,000 units\/vial injection was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Fed Regist. 2003;68."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9123","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.14.9123","volume":"272","author":"Hamai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.SPINE161327","volume":"28","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93574-X","volume":"243","author":"Yamagata","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2019.55.1.2899445","volume":"55","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110627","volume":"56","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1328","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1328","volume":"7","author":"Minamisawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwab086","volume":"31","author":"Takashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103010-00008","volume":"26","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199707010-00002","volume":"22","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E869","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002528","volume":"43","author":"Chiba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"SEIKAGAKU CORPORATION. Seikagaku announces new drug application approval of HERNICORE\u00ae 1.25 units for intradiscal injection in japan, indicated for treatment of lumbar disc herniation [Press release]. 2018. Available from: www.seikagaku.co.jp\/en\/news\/news9139866591419356254\/main\/0\/link\/20180323-e.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2025."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.04.003","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b34a9a","volume":"34","author":"McGirt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151998","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1151998","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.10.029","volume":"109","author":"Marcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/159101991201800113","volume":"18","author":"Stagni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318033e860","volume":"20","author":"Theron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.05.007","volume":"101","author":"Leglise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944645","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.944645","volume":"30","author":"Atci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.11.017","volume":"22","author":"Kelekis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8234558","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8234558","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"526","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22503","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2021.05.005","volume":"27","author":"Banno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816201a6","volume":"33","author":"Barth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5169","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5169","volume":"11","author":"Kursumovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610158","volume":"19","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/108170","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/108170","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T11:00:16Z","timestamp":1761303616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/chemonucleolysis-for-lumbar-disc-herniation-history-and-current-state--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jpr.s535261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-7090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-7090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}