{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:07:19Z","timestamp":1779167239613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NSS"],"DOI":"10.2147\/nss.s587588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:15:14Z","timestamp":1779164114000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chloral Hydrate in the Treatment of Severe Insomnia When Other Treatments Have Failed: Results From a Real-World Evidence Study (RESTORE)"],"prefix":"10.2147","volume":"Volume 18","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Groeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9137-9727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Luke","family":"Twelves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Multmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Swayze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mushtaque","family":"Mastim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2883-9752","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrian","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8844-3808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Deacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119855343","volume":"33","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8988","volume":"17","author":"Edinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","volume":"32","author":"Riemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6470","volume":"13","author":"Sateia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903167415","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw044","volume":"40","author":"Pillai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093240","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1657091","volume":"18","author":"Sano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2392018","volume":"25","author":"Tanaka-Mizuno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Marlborough Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Summary of product characteristics \u2013 chloral hydrate 500mg\/5ml oral solution Available from: https:\/\/mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net\/docs\/02538f97cb01373eb51512fa9fafa77f72ff2f8c. Accessed February 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.12.018","volume":"245","author":"Merdink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Marlborough Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Public assessment report \u2013 chloral hydrate 500mg\/5ml oral solution. PL 23138\/0021. Available from: https:\/\/mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net\/docs\/39a0b39fc09c88ef04caebd4580b33130b167525. Accessed February 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"King Pharmaceuticals Inc. Prescribing information: sonata\u00ae(zaleplon) capsules. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/020859s016lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Sanofi. Prescribing information: AMBIEN\u00ae (zolpidem tartrate) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/019908s40s044s047lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Sanofi. Prescribing information: AMBIEN CR\u00ae (zolpidem tartrate) extended-release tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/021774s021s025s028lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Athlone Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Summary of product characteristics \u2013 zopiclone 7.5mg tablets Available from: https:\/\/mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net\/docs\/607153ca9f37d844cfa0deb2e074254399260eca. Accessed March 24, 2025."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Prescribing information: LUNESTA\u00ae (eszopiclone) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021476Orig1s038rplLBL.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc. Prescribing information: HALCION\u00ae (triazolam) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/017892s057lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Prescribing information: QUVIVIQ (daridorexant) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/214985s010s012lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110379307","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC. Prescribing information: BELSOMRA\u00ae (suvorexant) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/204569s010lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Eisai Inc. Prescribing information: DAYVIGO\u00ae (lemborexant) tablets, for oral use. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/212028s011lbl.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1970.01750030034006","volume":"23","author":"Kales","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"126","volume":"71","author":"Willis","year":"1954","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"435","volume":"91","author":"le Riche","year":"1964","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"510","volume":"102","author":"Brown","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1979.tb01630.x","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000468423","volume":"15","author":"Linnoila","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int Pharmacopsych"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1961.tb00490.x","volume":"9","author":"Bare","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1978.tb03686.x","volume":"26","author":"Goldstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058000800513","volume":"8","author":"Piccione","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701303360506","volume":"336","author":"Kupfer","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Clinical Geriatric Psychopharmacology","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"216","volume":"162","author":"Holbrook","year":"2000","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27286","volume":"4","author":"Schutte-Rodin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2305655","volume":"391","author":"Morin","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2023-112253","volume":"28","author":"Aiyegbusi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Evidence Based Med"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Morgan K, David B, Gascoigne C. Daily sleep diary. Loughborough, UK: Clinical Sleep Research Unit, Loughborough University; 2007. Available from: https:\/\/saraviamd.com\/Forms\/Sleep\/Sleepdiary%20and%20Hygiene.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2025."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. JAMA. 2025;333(1):71\u201374. doi:10.1001\/jama.2024.21972","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21972"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Integrated addendum to ICHE6(R1): guideline for good clinical practiceE6(R2). Current step 4 version. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/E6_R2_Addendum.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2025."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"EuroQol Research Foundation. EQ-5D-5L user guide. Available from: https:\/\/euroqol.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/EQ-5D-5LUserguide-23-07.pdf. Accessed February 13, 2025."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"RAND Corporation. 36-item short form survey (SF-36) scoring instructions. Available from: https:\/\/rand.org\/health-care\/surveys_tools\/mos\/36-item-short-form\/scoring.html. Accessed October 8, 2024."},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A User\u2019s Manual","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388e081123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123","author":"Hopewell","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/009127007701700404","volume":"17","author":"Kales","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1918254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18254","volume":"2","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25680","volume":"87","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00436-1","volume":"21","author":"Mignot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168666","volume":"18","author":"Longo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201704-0672LE","volume":"197","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.8.959","volume":"30","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.6749","volume":"3","author":"Basch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00413","volume":"9","author":"Browning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4742","volume":"38","author":"Winkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6957.780","volume":"309","author":"Bland","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.03.008","volume":"12","author":"McCall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["Nature and Science of Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/115334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/article\/download\/115334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:15:26Z","timestamp":1779164126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/chloral-hydrate-in-the-treatment-of-severe-insomnia-when-other-treatme-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NSS"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/nss.s587588","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}}}