{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:13:27Z","timestamp":1790612007278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":972,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>ABSTRACT: <\/jats:bold> Although the varicocele has been studied for many years, its pathophysiology remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of the \u03b1 subunit of hypoxia\u2010inducible factor 1 (HIF\u20101\u03b1) and determined the apoptosis index (AI) in the testes of rats with varicoceles to study the mechanism by which varicoceles induce infertility. A total of 45 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control group, sham surgery group, and experimental group. Forty\u2010nine days after the initial partial ligation of the left renal vein, all of the rats underwent orchiectomy. HIF\u20101\u03b1 expression in each testis was analyzed using immunohistochemical methods and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. The degree of apoptosis within each testicle was determined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. HIF\u20101\u03b1 immunoreactivity in the testes of the experimental group was significantly higher than that in those of the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) or the sham group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). The AI of the germ cells of rats in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in germ cells of rats in the sham group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) or the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation observed between the AI of germ cells and relative intensity of HIF\u20101\u03b1 in the left testis (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .631; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .028) and right testis (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .707; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .01) of rats in the experimental group. The results of this study showed that a left\u2010sided varicocele could cause bilateral testicular hypoxia and increased germ cell apoptosis, both of which play an important role in testicular dysfunction. Furthermore, HIF\u20101\u03b1 is a useful factor that can be used to predict the degree of germ cell apoptosis in rat testes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.007153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,14]],"date-time":"2010-07-14T16:03:53Z","timestamp":1279123433000},"page":"299-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Hypoxia\u2010Induced Apoptosis in the Bilateral Testes of Rats With Left\u2010Sided Varicocele: A New Way to Think About the Varicocele"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000088775.69010.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh139"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28867"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02799.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60638-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2008.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00025-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091900410"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000135455.97627.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00417-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.4.6629"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.006155"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(74)80164-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2006.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Do 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