{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:12:42Z","timestamp":1776049962624,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":178,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:<\/jats:bold> Mammalian sperm surface antigens are acquired either during spermatogenesis or sperm maturation in the epididymis. These antigens, many of which are hydrolytic enzymes, are actively synthesized and secreted by the resident epithelial cells and adsorbed to the sperm membrane as part of posttesticular sperm modification. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of cathepsin\u2010D (CAT\u2010D) in human reproductive tissues and its distribution on the sperm surface in different sperm conditions. Immunohistochemical results revealed the expression of CAT\u2010D in the somatic Sertoli and Leydig cells without showing any immunoreactivity in any germ cells, despite their engagement of the acrosomal system. A strong immunoreactivity of anti\u2014CAT\u2010D was also detected in the epididymal epithelium, chiefly in the principal cells, which are known to actively synthesize and secrete proteins into the epididymal lumen. The absence of CAT\u2010D in the clear cells was unexpected because these cells are known to engage the endosomal machinery. We further showed that CAT\u2010D was anchored on the sperm surface confined to the postacrosomal region without any lateral redistribution within the membrane during sperm capacitation. However, the enzyme underwent changes to be an active form of a 29\/30\u2010kd doublet during sperm capacitation. Using CAT\u2010D as a marker, we were able to demonstrate here localization of the enzyme in human reproductive tissues, as well as reveal membrane modification in human sperm during maturation and capacitation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,13]],"date-time":"2012-07-13T09:40:55Z","timestamp":1342172455000},"page":"726-734","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cathepsin D in Human Reproductive Tissues: Cellular Localization in Testis and Epididymis and Surface Distribution in Different Sperm Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Arpornrad","family":"Saewu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somluk","family":"Asuvapongpatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charoonroj","family":"Chotwiwatthanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuphana","family":"Tantiwongse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wattana","family":"Weerachatyanukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siriporn","family":"Thitilertdecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Purification of isoenzymes from human and chicken liver","volume":"117","author":"Barrett AJ","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.5.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0710249"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20102121"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(01)00171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Interactions between epididymal secretions and spermatozoa","volume":"53","author":"Cooper TG.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Supp"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0476"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.19.3543","article-title":"Bicarbonate stimulated phospholipid scrambling induces cholesterol redistribution and enables cholesterol depletion in the sperm plasma membrane","volume":"114","author":"Flesch FM","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Sc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690048"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(01)00161-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205657"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)85585-0","article-title":"Biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes in fibroblasts. 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