{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:43:30Z","timestamp":1787024610532,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intensification of dairying on irrigated pastures has led to concern over the microbial quality of shallow groundwater used for drinking purposes. The effects of intensive dairying and border-strip irrigation on the leaching of E. coli and Campylobacter to shallow groundwater were assessed over a three-year period in the Waikakahi catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand. Well selection excluded other sources of contamination so that the effect of dairying with border-strip irrigation could be assessed. Groundwater samples (135) were collected, mostly during the irrigation season, with E. coli being detected in 75% of samples. Campylobacter was identified in 16 samples (12%). A risk assessment of drinking water with these levels of Campylobacter was undertaken. A probability distribution was fitted to the observed Campylobacter data and the @RISK modeling software was used, assuming a dose response relationship for Campylobacter and consumption of 1 L\/day of water. The probability of infection on any given day in the study area was estimated at 0.50% to 0.76%, giving an estimated probability of infection during the irrigation season of 60% to 75%. An epidemiological assessment of the Canterbury region comparing areas encompassing dairy within major irrigation schemes (\u223c55% border-strip irrigation) to two control groups was undertaken. Control group 1 (CG1) encompasses areas of dairying without major irrigation schemes, and a second larger control group (CG2) comprises the rest of the Canterbury region. Comparisons of the subject group to control groups indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in age-standardised rates of campylobacteriosis (CG1 Relative Risk (RR)=1.51 (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.31-1.75); CG2 RR\u2009=\u20091.51 (1.33\u20131.72)); cryptosporidiosis (CG1 RR\u2009=\u20092.08 (1.55\u20132.79); CG2 RR\u2009=\u20095.33 (4.12\u20136.90)); and salmonellosis (CG2 RR\u2009=\u20092.05 (1.55\u20132.71)).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2007.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]],"date-time":"2007-11-12T10:55:26Z","timestamp":1194864926000},"page":"83-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Microbial groundwater quality and its health implications for a border-strip irrigated dairy farm catchment, South Island, New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Murray","family":"Close","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29 181, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod","family":"Dann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29 181, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Ball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29 181, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Pirie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 50 348, Porirua, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Savill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29 181, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zella","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canterbury, PO Box 550, Timaru, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/83\/396903\/83.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/83\/396903\/83.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T18:02:34Z","timestamp":1585245754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/6\/1\/83\/31350\/Microbial-groundwater-quality-and-its-health"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2007.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}}}