{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:35:52Z","timestamp":1790836552005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A quantitative microbial risk analysis\u2014Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries watering their crops with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of\u226410\u22124 DALY loss per person per year (pppy), equivalent to 1 percent of the diarrhoeal disease burden in developing countries, a norovirus reduction of 1\u20132\u2009log units and an Ascaris egg reduction to 10\u2013100\u2009eggs per litre are required. These are easily achieved by minimal wastewater treatment\u2014for example, a sequential batch-fed three tank\/pond system. Hygiene improvement through education and regular deworming are essential complementary inputs to protect the health of urban farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2010.097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T08:57:04Z","timestamp":1270717024000},"page":"572-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Estimation of norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Duncan","family":"Mara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathogen Control Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sleigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathogen Control Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/572\/397423\/572.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/572\/397423\/572.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T23:03:24Z","timestamp":1585263804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/8\/3\/572\/18136\/Estimation-of-norovirus-and-Ascaris-infection"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2010.097","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]}}}