{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:23:29Z","timestamp":1778750609057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan that parasitizes humans and other mammals and causes giardiasis. Although its isolates have been divided into seven assemblages, named A to G, only A and B have been detected in human faeces. Assemblage A isolates are commonly divided into two genotypes, AI and AII. Even though information about the presence of this protozoan in water and sewage is available in Brazil, it is important to verify the distribution of different assemblages that might be present, which can only be done by genotyping techniques. A total of 24 raw and treated sewage, surface and spring water samples were collected, concentrated and purified. DNA was extracted, and a nested PCR was used to amplify an 890 bp fragment of the gdh gene of G. duodenalis, which codes for glutamate dehydrogenase. Positive samples were cloned and sequenced. Ten out of 24 (41.6%) samples were confirmed to be positive for G. duodenalis by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis grouped most sequences with G. duodenalis genotype AII from GenBank. Only two raw sewage samples presented sequences assigned to assemblage B. In one of these samples genotype AII was also detected. As these assemblages\/genotypes are commonly associated to human giardiasis, the contact with these matrices represents risk for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1360672783000},"page":"361-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of assemblages A and B of Giardia duodenalis in water and sewage from S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Licia Natal","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Pereira","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronalda Silva","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital da Cl\u00ednicas, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 255 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 05403-000\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Tereza Pepe","family":"Razzolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Martins","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Cidade Universit\u00e1ria - CEP 05508-270\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria In\u00eas Zanoli","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CETESB - Sao Paulo State Company for Sanitation and Technology, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345 - Alto de Pinheiros - CEP 05459-900\/S\u00e33o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elayse Maria","family":"Hachich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CETESB - Sao Paulo State Company for Sanitation and Technology, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345 - Alto de Pinheiros - CEP 05459-900\/S\u00e33o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana Audr\u00e1","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"},{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of S#x00E3;o Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, Travessa 3 n\u00b0380 - Cidade Universit\u00e1ria - CEP 05508-970\/ S#x00E3;o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glavur Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Matt\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira C#x00E9;sar - CEP 01246-904\/S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Matt\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. 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