{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1789441398281,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although surfers have high incidental exposure to marine waters, no studies have investigated if surfer risk behaviors (such as surfing during advisories, near an outfall, during a rain event, or use of personal protective equipment) increase or decrease the risk of acquiring waterborne illnesses. We used a web-based survey to assess the association between risk-based behaviors and self-reported illnesses among Pacific Northwest surfers. Commonly reported illnesses include: ear infection or discharge (38%), sore throat or a cough (28%), diarrhea (16%), fever (10.5%), and vomiting (7%). Surfing often during rain events was associated with an increased likelihood of diarrhea (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.4\u20135.47), sore throat (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.05), and ear infection (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.32). Surfing during a health advisory was associated with increased likelihood of diarrhea (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.03\u20134.64) and sore throat (OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.23\u20134.40). Other behaviors associated with increased illnesses include body surfing, surfing near an outfall, frequency of surfing, and use of ear plugs. Approximately 40% of surfers were unaware if they had surfed during an active health advisory and 29% knowingly surfed during advisories, suggesting the need to engage this population about potential harm and behaviors that may increase health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]],"date-time":"2015-02-27T13:06:40Z","timestamp":1425042400000},"page":"230-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Risk behaviors and self-reported illnesses among Pacific Northwest surfers"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 100 Milam Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 327 Weniger Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 100 Milam Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Lesser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Survey Research Center, 46 Kidder Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032619090693600_JWH-D-13-00231C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.001","article-title":"Waterborne pathogens in urban watersheds","volume":"5","author":"Arnone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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