{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:40:56Z","timestamp":1789735256509,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in river waters in Iran. In the present study, we determined the genotype and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in river water samples in Iran. A total of 49 surface water samples were collected from rivers and surface water in Guilan and Tehran provinces during 2009\u20132010. Water samples were filtrated through a 1.2-\u03bcm pore size membrane filter or by Filta-Max filter followed by immunomagnetic separation or sucrose purification methods. Genotype and subtype of Cryptosporidium were identified by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. A total of 24 (48.97%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium species by the 18sRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing technique. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of five species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. canis) in the water samples of the study area and, to our knowledge, the first report of C. muris in Iran. The results of GP60 gene analysis showed that all C. parvum and C. hominis isolates belonged to the IId and Id subtype families, respectively. The investigated river water supplies were heavily contaminated by pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium from humans and livestock. There is potential risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]],"date-time":"2015-06-08T08:14:04Z","timestamp":1433751244000},"page":"600-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M. R.","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Haghighi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iilam University of Medical Sciences, Iilam, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mohammadiha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Expressway, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jahantab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran Province Water & Wastewater Co. (TPWW), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Services, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Karanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University, Medical School, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Quinghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0140-0","article-title":"Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals in Japan using the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene sequences","volume":"99","author":"Abe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2744-2747.2003","article-title":"Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal","volume":"41","author":"Alves","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2006.00162.x","article-title":"Distribution of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in water samples in Portugal: a preliminary study.","volume":"53","author":"Alves","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks \u2013 an update 2004\u20132010","volume":"45","author":"Baldursson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.010","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain","volume":"44","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050283","article-title":"The prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Mus domesticus, Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionomys glareolus in an agricultural system","volume":"83","author":"Chalmers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01777-08","article-title":"Cryptosporidium genotype and subtype distribution in raw wastewater in Shanghai, China: evidence for possible unique Cryptosporidium hominis transmission","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4446-4454.2005","article-title":"Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York","volume":"71","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.002","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt","volume":"5","author":"Karanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C11","first-page":"30","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among children with diarrhea in Tehran and Qazvin provinces, Iran","volume":"3","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iranian J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.008","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium in Qazvin province, Iran","volume":"160","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and etiology of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C14a","first-page":"43","article-title":"Development of sensitive detection of cryptosporidium and giardia from surface water in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt042","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts by IFA, PCR and LAMP in surface water from Rasht, Iran","volume":"107","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C15","first-page":"20","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in recreational waters of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari province of Iran using nested-PCR-RFLP","volume":"6","author":"Manouchehri Naeini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C16","first-page":"1","article-title":"SSU-rRNA gene analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV positive and negative patients","volume":"35","author":"Meamar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.051","article-title":"Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis isolates from humans and cattle in Iran","volume":"179","author":"Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C18","first-page":"408","article-title":"DNA fingerprinting of bovine Cryptosporidium isolates in Qazvin province, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Koomesh"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C19","first-page":"67","article-title":"The importance of subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in epidemiological investigations of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran and other Mideast countries","volume":"5","author":"Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed. Bench."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1008-2","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from human and bovine using 18 rRNA gene in Shahriar county of Tehran, Iran","volume":"103","author":"Pirestani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.003","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: an update","volume":"165","author":"Plutzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.04.004","article-title":"Detection and characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes","volume":"211","author":"Plutzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2805-2809.2005","article-title":"Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait","volume":"43","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C24","first-page":"41","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Iranian children admitted to a pediatric hospital in Tehran, Iran","volume":"6","author":"Taghipour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C25","first-page":"121","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease","author":"Xiao","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X311876","article-title":"The use of a nested PCR\u2013RFLP technique, based on the parasite's 18S ribosomal RNA, to characterize Cryptosporidium isolates from HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"102","author":"Zavvar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020032615331337300_JWH-D-13-00234C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5254-5257.2003","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw wastewater in Milwaukee: implications for understanding outbreak occurrence and transmission dynamics","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/13\/2\/600\/394996\/jwh0130600.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/13\/2\/600\/394996\/jwh0130600.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T22:10:50Z","timestamp":1585260650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/13\/2\/600\/28372\/Cryptosporidium-genotypes-and-subtypes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2014.234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}}}