{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:37:19Z","timestamp":1768484239113,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hydraulic or filtration efficiency of residential swimming pools, quantified in terms of residence time characteristics, is critical to disinfection and thus important to public health. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model together with Eulerian and Lagrangian-based techniques are used for investigating the residence time characteristics of a passive tracer and particles in the water, representative of chemicals and pathogens, respectively. The flow pattern in the pool is found to be characterized by dead zone regions where water constituents may be retained for extended periods of times, thereby potentially decreasing the pool hydraulic efficiency. Two return-jet configurations are studied in order to understand the effect of return-jet location and intensity on the hydraulic efficiency of the pool. A two-jet configuration is found to perform on par with a three-jet configuration in removing dissolved constituents but the former is more efficient than the latter in removing or flushing particles. The latter result suggests that return-jet location and associated flow circulation pattern have an important impact on hydraulic efficiency. Thus return-jet configuration should be incorporated as a key parameter in the design of swimming pools complementing current design standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T11:54:51Z","timestamp":1530014091000},"page":"750-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the hydraulic (filtration) efficiency of a residential swimming pool"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"},{"name":"Carollo Engineers, Inc., 1218 Third Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Tejada-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes in swimming pool water","volume":"79","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C2","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C3","first-page":"4793","article-title":"Assessment of exposure of workers and swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4236\/eng.2013.55061","article-title":"Influence of swimming pool design on hydraulic behavior: a numerical and experimental study","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"21","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(99)00239-0","article-title":"Use of computational fluid dynamics for simulating hydrodynamics and mass transfer in industrial ozonation towers","volume":"54","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C6","first-page":"137","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics applied to water and wastewater treatment facility modeling","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Poll."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C7","unstructured":"Fluent user's guide version 6.3\n          2006\n          Fluent Inc., Lebanon, N.H. Available from: www.sharcnet.ca\/Software\/Fluent6\/html\/ug\/node1.htm."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/01919512.1995.10555771","article-title":"Finite element analysis and T-10 optimization of ozone contactors","volume":"17","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C9","first-page":"87","article-title":"A computational fluid dynamics and experimental study of an ozone contactor","volume":"46","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C10","first-page":"51","article-title":"Application of computational fluid dynamics modeling to an ozone contactor","volume":"30","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-08864-4","article-title":"Heat and mass transport","volume-title":"Turbulence","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1978"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(74)90029-2","article-title":"The numerical computation of turbulent flows","volume":"3","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.041","article-title":"The application of computational fluid dynamics and small-scale physical models to assess the effects of operational practices on the risk to public health within large indoor swimming pools","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C14","first-page":"237","article-title":"Occurrence of chlorite, chlorate and bromate in disinfected swimming pool water","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112072001806","article-title":"An investigation of particle trajectories in two-phase flow systems","volume":"55","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C16","volume-title":"Swimming Pool Water \u2013 Treatment and Quality Standards for Pools and Spas","author":"Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG)","year":"2009","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C17","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C18","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C20","volume-title":"Turbulence Modeling for CFD","year":"1994"},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.014","article-title":"Degradation of pharmaceuticals in UV (LP)\/H 2 O 2 reactors simulated by means of kinetic modeling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)","volume":"75","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/01919510701613420","article-title":"A computational fluid dynamics based integrated disinfection design approach for improvement of full-scale ozone contactor performance","volume":"29","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng. J. Int. Ozone Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000777","article-title":"Hydraulic efficiency in RANS of the flow in a multi-chambered contactor","volume":"139","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydr. Eng."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.12.037","article-title":"Evaluating hydraulic and disinfection efficiencies of a full-scale ozone contactor using a RANS-based modeling framework","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.04.003","article-title":"Developments in computational fluid dynamics-based modeling framework for disinfection technologies in last recent two decades: a review","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Softw. Model."},{"key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.06.023","article-title":"Indicators for technological, environmental and economic sustainability of ozone contactors","volume":"101","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032705143967200_JWH-D-17-00110C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/es062367v","article-title":"Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Water and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/16\/5\/750\/490540\/jwh0160750.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article-pdf\/16\/5\/750\/490540\/jwh0160750.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T09:54:10Z","timestamp":1585302850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/jwh\/article\/16\/5\/750\/41219\/Computational-fluid-dynamics-analysis-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2018.110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-7829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]}}}