{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:04:41Z","timestamp":1785258281436,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>While disinfection of swimming pools is indispensable for microbiological safety, it may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products. Most studies agree that inhalation exposure is the predominant pathway of the associated health risks, but assumptions are based on concentrations measured in water and evaporation models. Pool water and air were sampled in 19 swimming pools. Trihalomethanes were detected in all sites; chloroform being the most abundant species. Concentrations ranged between 12.8\u201371.2 \u03bcg\/L and 11.1\u2013102.2 \u03bcg\/m3 in pool water and air, respectively. The individual lifetime carcinogenic risk associated with chloroform in swimming pools exceeded 10\u22126 in all age groups for recreational swimmers and 10\u22125 for elite swimmers and staff, even if the pool complied with the national standards. Inhalation exposure was estimated and found to be the most relevant, however, different mass transfer models from water measurements significantly under- or overestimated the health burden compared to direct calculation from the concentration in air. The observed health risks call for defining regulatory values and monitoring requirement of indoor air quality in swimming pools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T16:55:37Z","timestamp":1539968137000},"page":"947-957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products: a regulatory perspective"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"P\u00e1ndics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Hofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyula","family":"Dura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Vargha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Szigeti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University of Sciences, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/C, H-1117, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020032616172830800_JWH-D-18-00178C1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Disinfection of swimming pools with chlorine and derivatives: formation of organochlorinated and organobrominated compounds and exposure of pool personnel and swimmers","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032616172830800_JWH-D-18-00178C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9082562","article-title":"Occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of disinfection by-products in the water and air of two indoor swimming pools","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032616172830800_JWH-D-18-00178C3","first-page":"132","article-title":"Assessing exposure to chloroform in swimming pools using physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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